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1 1 st International Conference on Metro log y for Archaeo log y PROCEEDINGS VOLUME I

2 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology Benevento - Italy - October 21-23, 2015 ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, without written permission from the copyright holders

3 Welcome to 1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology On behalf of the organizing committee, we cordially welcome you to the 1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology (MetroArcheo). The growing interest of archaeological sciences to new technologies and analysis techniques, has recently improved the combined use of numerical approach and metrology systems to get more detailed archaeological purpose. For example, advances in computer science, data acquisition and modeling, new spectrometric techniques, analysis and remote sensing have encouraged interactions among these scientific disciplines based on measurement data and archaeological interpretations. The benefits of a multidisciplinary approach have reduced the level of uncertainty in archaeological studies. The 1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology involve researchers and practitioners interested in the enhancement, characterization and conservation of the archaeological heritage, with the main objective to focus the discussion on the production, interpretation and the reliability of the measured data. The meeting was designed to give the community of archaeologists a complete picture of knowledge of the "fit" of the archaeological heritage, generally addressed in several conferences with restricted areas of interest. The first edition of MetroArcheo will be held in Benevento, a small town in Southern Italy with a significant historical heritage. It was a base for Roman expansion in Southern Italy and an important stop on the Appian Way, the ancient Roman road connecting the West and East coasts. After being sacked in 452, Benevento was ruled by the Lombards (or Longobards) and Byzantines, and finally by the Pope who ruled the town for 800 years. Benevento, in a beautiful setting in the hills, is a pleasant place to visit, a good break from the heavily touristic areas near Naples and the Amalfi Coast and a chance to experience the feel of a Southern Italian town. Visiting Benevento is like a journey through history: the prehistoric and the Egyptian finds at the Museum of Sannio, Traiano s Arch and the Roman theatre, the Dome and the Church of Santa Sofia of Longobardian times, the undergrounds of the Prefectural Palace that hosts ARCOS, the contemporary art museum. Benevento is included, for the Santa Sofia Complex, in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites for The Longobards in Italy, Places of Power, A.D.. It comprises seven groups of important buildings (including fortresses, churches, and monasteries) throughout the Italian Peninsula. They testify to the high achievement of the Lombards, who migrated from Northern Europe and developed their own specific culture in Italy where they ruled over vast territories in the 6th to 8th centuries. We are sure that the universally recognized historical beauty of Benevento will be a perfect frame for this prestigious conference. It is, in fact, a further occasion, not only to meet old friends and new people from all over the world, but, moreover, to engage with them a continuous comparison directed to make wider the views on the technological progress of Metrology for Archaeology. The MetroArcheo organization was a complex task due to the large and increasing interest of our research and application areas. Efforts from many people were required to shape the technical program, arrange accommodation, manage the administrative aspects, and set up the social functions. We like to take this opportunity to thank all and each of them. We like also to thank the public and private organizations that supported the meeting in different ways. The MetroArcheo Technical Program consists of 17 oral and poster sessions scheduled over two days. With the wide range of technical sessions covering the many fields of metrology for archaeology we are happy to welcome you to the variety of technical presentations that await you this year. Thanks to all of the Technical Program Committee members and the reviewers who have contributed to make this outstanding program possible. We received 152 abstracts from all over the world. The technical program encompasses several events and activities. The keynote speeches will be held by experts in the field of metrology for archeology; Prof. Massimo Osanna, Soprintendenza speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Pompei, Ercolano e Stabia, will speak about Contexts and Objects, Prof. Jean- Pierre Brun, Collège de France France, will present the Archaeology of Production, Prof. Hans-Arno Synal,

4 ETH Zurich Switzerland, will describe the Progress in Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. We are honored to have them as plenary speakers and thank them in advance for coming to our conference to share their knowledge and experiences with us. Furthermore, attendees have the possibility to follow a half day of Tutorials organized and managed by Soprintendenza Archeologia della Campania. The tutorials include discussions and visit at Arch of Trajan and Sant'Ilario Church with Museum of the Arch, Archaeological Area of Arco del Sacramento, Cathedral's Hypogeum, Roman Theatre and Ponte Leproso. With the aim of providing a common ground for researches to share their findings about the metrology for archaeology, the conference includes a significant number of Special Sessions. A first reason is that so many are the application fields of the metrology for archaeology that a single track could have been too much dispersive. A second reason is that, in spite of a centralized research address definition, a spontaneous aggregation of well-focused themes has been gathered, with specific aim of providing a forum of dedicated debate very close to the single research field. Therefore, several application-oriented Special Sessions have been organized. We wish to thank the organizers of these Special Sessions for their cooperation and support to the conference organization. Several Awards will be assigned, in particular to young researchers. The 1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology is about to begin. You are now in a position to enjoy the fellowship of colleagues and experts and to pass free time in natural and artistic beauties. It is up to you to appreciate the conference worth! Be critical! We, metrologists, archaeologists, geologists, colleagues, and friends, all know that this is the best way to improve quality, and to achieve lasting excellences. General Co-Chair Adele CAMPANELLI, Soprintendenza Archeologia della Campania, Italy General Co-Chair Luca CERCHIAI, University of Salerno, Italy General Co-Chair Pasquale DAPONTE, University of Sannio, Italy General Co-Chair Alessio LANGELLA University of Sannio, Italy

5 Welcome Message from the Mayor of Benevento I am glad to give my welcome to all participants at the First International Conference on Metrology for Archeology, in collaboration with the University of Sannio. My thanks go especially to Professor Pasquale Daponte and Professor Alessio Langella who have decided to make this conference in our wonderful City, Benevento. About the event that will take place in these days, the presence in our Sannio of so many researchers and scientists from every part of the world is a source of pride and trust for our city and I wish to express heartfelt gratitude also to all the people from the University of Sannio who have been involved in the organization of the event. As Major of Benevento I am very proud to have a significant event like this in our City and I really hope all of you will get the occasion to visit our City. Benevento, besides being a university city, it has also a remarkable entrepreneurial vitality in the areas of technological innovation. I would like to emphasize that our city in the Campania region is one with the highest number of production sites in the advanced tertiary sector. For this we must thank the vitality of young graduates who have invested their expertise at the service of the territory with startups and spinoff. Besides this, I have to underline that the city of Benevento has a huge historical, monumental and architectural fortune, and with the complex of Santa Sofia Church has obtained UNESCO recognition entering in the World Heritage Lists in The enhancement of our cultural heritage has allowed us in recent years to achieve this important goal in a clear manner that testifies not only that Benevento is a town rich in places of art and history, but also that we are taking the right strategy to valorize and enhance our heritage. Important events, such as this Conference on Metrology for Archeology, represent the right opportunity to call attention to internal areas of Campania region, and above all to our beautiful city Benevento and wonderful Sannio. The conference will be surely a moment of scientific investigation and a good opportunity to offer useful discussion among scientists working in this important field. I wish a good job to all the participants and organizers for these two days. Fausto Pepe

6 MetroArcheo 2015 Committee GENERAL CHAIRS Adele Campanelli, Soprintendenza Archeologia della Campania, Italy Luca Cerchiai, University of Salerno, Italy Pasquale Daponte, University of Sannio, Italy Alessio Langella, University of Sannio, Italy TECHNICAL PROGRAM CO-CHAIRS Celestino Grifa, University of Sannio, Italy Carmine Lubritto, Second University of Naples, Italy Mariano Mercurio, University of Sannio, Italy Alfonso Santoriello, University of Salerno, Italy Luigina Tomay, Soprintendenza Archeologia della Campania, Italy INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE Emma Angelini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Giovanni Azzena, University of Sassari, Italy Salvatore Barba, University of Salerno, Italy José Antonio Barrera Vera, University of Seville, Spain Luca Bondioli, University of Naples L'Orientale, Italy Jean-Pierre Brun, Collège de France, France Gert - Jan Burgers, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands Lucio Calcagnile, University of Salento, Italy Franco Cambi, University of Siena, Italy Stefano Campana, University of Siena, Italy Piergiulio Cappelletti, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Massimo Carpinelli, University of Sassari, Italy Andrea Cataldo, University of Salento, Italy Giuseppe Cultrone, University of Granada, Spain Egidio De Benedetto, University of Salento, Italy Claudio De Capua, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy Hélène Dessalles, Ecole Normale Supérieure, France Christian Fischer, UCLA/Getty Conservation IDP, USA Venice Gouda, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt Sabrina Grassini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Maria Iacovou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus Giovanni Leucci, National Research Council - Istituto per i Beni Archeologi e Monumentali, Italy Lara Maritan, University of Padova, Italy Vincenzo Morra, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Priscilla Munzi, Centre Jean Bérard, France Marco Parvis, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Alessandra Pecci, University of Barcellona, Spain Salvatore Piro, National Research Council, Italy Gianluca Quarta, University of Salento, Italy Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo, University of Pais Vasco, Spain

7 Fabio Remondino, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy Marco Rendeli, University of Sassari, Italy Carmen Maria Rosskopf, University of Molise, Italy Elda Russo Ermolli, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Maria Rosaria Senatore, University of Sannio, Italy Emanuela Sibilia, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy Martijn Van Leusen, University of Groningen, Netherland Panayota Vassiliou, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece LOCAL COMMITTEE Chiara Germinario, University of Sannio, Italy Francesco Izzo, University of Sannio, Italy Gianluca Mazzilli, University of Sannio, Italy Daniela Musmeci, University of Salerno, Italy Carmine Sementa, University of Sannio, Italy Giusy Sica, University of Salerno, Italy Liliana Viglione, University of Sannio, Italy Marianna Vigorito, University of Salerno, Italy LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS

8 MetroArcheo 2015 Keynote Speakers Massimo Osanna Soprintendenza speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Pompei, Ercolano e Stabia Keynote Thursday, October 22nd, 2015 "Contexts and Objects" Jean-Pierre Brun Collège de France Keynote Friday, October 23rd, 2015 "Archaeology of production" Hans-Arno Synal ETH Zurich Keynote Friday, October 23rd, 2015 "Progress in Accelerator Mass Spectrometry"

9 MetroArcheo 2015 Academic Patronage University of Sannio University of Salerno Research Institute for the Heritage and History of the Cultural Landscape and Urban Environment - VU University University of Salento University of Sassari Politecnico di Torino MetroArcheo 2015 Institutional Patronage Prefettura di Benevento Provincia di Benevento Comune di Benevento KNIR Centre Jean Bérard CIPA

10 ICOMOS IBAM Fondazione Bruno Kessler Scuola di specializzazione in beni archeoligici "Dinu Adamesteanu" CEDAD Club UNESCO Benevento Gruppo Misure Eletriche Elettroniche Group of Mechanical and Thermal Measurements Distretto ad Alta Tecnologia dei Beni Culturali Ancient Appia Landscapes Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia Istituto di Metodologie per l Analisi Ambientale - CNR Georisorse, Ambiente e Beni Culturali Ordine dei Geologi della Campania

11 MetroArcheo 2015 Sponsors BRUKER CENTRO DI ATENEO PER L ORIENTAMENTO E IL TUTORATO ASSING

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13 1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology Benevento, Italy, October 22-23, 2015 Arpi: measure the forms of an Italiote city (4th 2nd centuries BC) Munzi Pr.1, Pouzadoux Cl.1, Santoriello A.2, Terribile A.2, Muntoni I.M.3, Capozzoli L. 4, De Martino G.4, Giampaolo V.4, Perciante F.4, Rizzo E.4 1 Centre Jean Bérard (USR 3133 CNRS - EfR), berard@unina.it Università degli Studi di Salerno (DISPAC), asantori@unisa.it 3 Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia, italomaria.muntoni@beniculturali.it 4 CNR-IMAA, Hydrogeosite Laboratory, enzo.rizzo@imaa.cnr.it 2 Abstract The settlement of Arpi (Foggia, Apulia), ca hectares of extension, was occupied from Protohistory to the Roman period, thus comprising main difficulties in terms of knowledge, protection and control of the territory as well as problems in archaeological diagnostic. Therefore, a major project was launched for the reassessment of previous data and for new geo-environmental analysis. We intend to present the first geophysical applications on a sample of inhabited multilayered and complex building types (since the archaic period the technique of construction with raw earth was the most often used). In Arpi archaeological project, geomagnetic and ground penetrating radar were carried out in order to highlight buried structures. I. INTRODUCTION The establishment of Arpi, at 8 km northeast of Foggia, is located in the alluvial plain of the Tavoliere of Puglia. It occupied a strategic position halfway between subapennine mountains and the coast, and near a navigable river, the Celone, which, with the Candelaro river, provided access to the sea, to the south of the current Siponte. The current landscape retains few traces of ancient establishments. Arpi played a leading role over the centuries in the historical landscape of ancient Daunia. The developed programs and the research conducted for more than two decades by Marina Mazzei, of the Archaeological Superintendence of Puglia, have profoundly renewed knowledge of this Daunian settlement [1]. Since 2014, a new program on the forms of the city, is coordinated jointly by the Centre Jean Bérard (USR 3133, CNRS - EfR) and the Department of Cultural Heritage of the University of Salerno, in collaboration with the Center for Daunian archeology of the Superintendence of Puglia, the Department of Biosciences and Territory of the University of Molise and the Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, CNR-IMAA (Tito Scalo) [2]. Research focuses on the articulation, the ISBN-15: relationships and the functions of space in the long run; by the means of a multidisciplinary approach, we intend to provide a global overview of the territory for a better knowledge and protection of a cultural heritage of enormous dimensions, which is continuously violated. Fig. 1. Plan of Arpi with indication of the Montarozzi zone and the ONC 28 (Reelaboration by G. Chapelin, Centre Jean Bérard, after Guaitoli 2003, fig. 352, p. 190 and Mazzei 2010, p. 10). II. METHODOLOGY The project includes two main operational axes. The first aim is to produce an integrated system of knowledge of archaeological and geo-environmental data. The system integrates the verified, formalized and aggregated information, including already existing data as well as what is produced by the in-progress research. All is collected in a unique, standardized, and GIS-oriented information system. Structuring and managing information by levels provide a basis on which it is possible to program the archaeological diagnostic as well as topographical and archaeological study. The second aim of the program is the study of a specific

14 sector of the city, the Hellenistic aristocratic houses of the Montarozzi area, located in the south-east area, bounded by the ancient walls of the city, the aggere, The analysis includes evidence excavated and published in the past ("peristyle house" partly brought to light in 1953, the house known as the "mosaic of griffins and panthers" ONC 28 excavated in the 90 s, etc.) as well as new and unpublished material. The study will provide clarification of the phases of occupation and abandon inasmuch as to deal with the organization of space, the axes of circulation and relations between the houses, sacred areas and the necropolis contexts. The research is completed with in-the-field analysis, carried out with archaeological field-walking, geomorphological and archeomorphological survey integrated with geophysical surveys. The most suitable geophysical investigation techniques employed for archaeological purposes are the geomagnetic, GPR and resistivity/conductivity (DC and EM) methods. These techniques are not invasive and allow us to obtain high-resolution images of subsurface, even if their use is dependent on site and resolution. In general, the geomagnetic and EM are more adaptive for large surveys, in order to obtain relative fast results with low resolution. On the other hand, involving heavy data process, GPR show high-resolution information but it is more adapted for small survey areas. In this perspective, the integration of different geophysical methods was largely used in archeogeophysical investigations in order to detect buried remains. Each geophysical technique has the ability to define a physical parameter, which enables highlighting some patterns of the hidden, buried object [3] [4]. However, the geophysical contrast between archaeological features and surrounding soils are sometimes difficult to define due to problems of sensitivity and resolution, both related to the characteristics of the subsoil and the geophysical methods. Therefore, the use of geophysical methods should be careful and aware. III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT The early stages of the research concerned the study of the area called ONC28, where lies the domus known as of the lions and panthers which, in the second half of the third century, marks the strong socio-cultural change that took place in the Montarozzi area, occupied in previous phases with funeral and housing or worship contexts. The discovery of the mosaic representing lions and panthers that gave its name to the domus occurred in 1992, during work on the irrigation systems performed by the Consorzio di Bonifica di Capitanata. It was then followed by excavations conducted in 1994, 1995 and 1997 under the direction of Marina Mazzei. Fig. 2. Schematic plan of the ONC 28 with the archeogeophysical investigations (Elaboration by V. Soldani, Centro Operativo per l Archeologia della Daunia, Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia, and A. Terribile, Università degli Studi di Salerno). In her many publications, the scholar pointed out the special features of this large dwelling that answers precise needs of life and representation of an aristocratic family at Arpi in the second half of the Third century BC. The resumption of the study of the evidence brought to light, from the excavation documentation to the material culture unearthed, has allowed us to sharpen the stratigraphic palimpsest and to give a more accurate chronological sequence, proposing a new subdivision in phases for the use of the area. The stratigraphy at the ONC28 has a variable thickness of about 1.50 to 2.00 m between the actual ground level and the natural soil characterized by lenses and / or layers of caliche (calcrete or carbonate crusts). The thickness of the lenses and / or layers of caliche (calcrete or carbonate crusts) vary from a few centimeters up to about 5 meters. An early form of occupation may be identified with some structures in raw clay, situated in the northwest corner of the investigated area, probably dating to the Fifth century. The walls were built directly on top of the carbonate crust. The structures appeared east of a gap in altitude constituted by rising the circulation level on which, probably already at this phase, runs a well-trod road oriented north-south that borders the area to the west. Unfortunately the function of this first complex is uncertain. Between the end of the Fifth and the middle of the Fourth century, the area change destination and becomes a funerary space, as evidenced by the twenty grave-pits excavated between 1992 and In general, those graves were dug into the limestone bench (the so-called crusta or carbonate crust) with uniform orientation NW/SE, presenting deceased buried in a crouched position and furniture placed around the head or feet. The tombs, when not stolen in ancient times, retain the cover 153

15 slabs of limestone. During the second half of the Fourth century, the area undergoes transformations and new structures are placed to the east of the north-south road. In connection with the new buildings, is constructed in terracotta an important channel system used to collect and convey wastewater. The walls are also in this case constructed in clay with coatings of coarse plaster and thick layers of limestone powder typically compose the soils. At present, it is still difficult to affirm whether the site was only one large building or different units, as well as unclear is the intended use of the facilities. In the last quarter of the Fourth century, the area is abandoned. The abandonment of the structures is accompanied by a ritual documented with at least two votive deposits. Almost at the same time or shortly thereafter, some areas are occupied by new burials. During the second half of the Third century, probably in the last decades, a large domus is built partially covering the existing building structures that seem to have undergone significant transformations over time. The planimetric articulation and its decorative system on its walls and floor qualify the high social level of its inhabitants. The domus is bounded to the west by the north-south route and to the north by a second axis of dirt route oriented east-west. Four areas of the house were recognized. The masonry technique in raw clay continues to be predominantly used. All the walls showed coatings of plaster, either in structural style made with plaster and stucco or simply plain white. Some of the rooms still had the mosaic floors or received a more simple coating of plaster. Only rarely, the walls had bases of foundation made in stones with the elevation in clay. During the first half of the Second century, the area experienced a new period of change. During this phase, the rooms of the residence and the representation spaces of the domus undergone several transformations. In different rooms the plastered pavements were removed, while the mosaics remained in place; some accesses were obliterated and new spaces of passage between rooms were created. In the second half of the Second century, the domus at the ONC28 is completely abandoned. So far, an area of about 780 square meters of the domus of lions and panthers has been explored, which is only a part of its original extension. Whereas to the north and west the area is bordered by two dirt roads, the eastern and southern limits are not known. It should be noted the state of damages, done by agricultural interventions and by the occupation of the central body of the dwelling by a shed. The excavations took place over several years and were conducted under conditions of the utmost urgency. Today the area, in private ownership, is completely covered. A first campaign of geomagnetic and geo-radar surveys allowed the creation of a hypothesis for the development plan of the domus and its inclusion in a broader context. It also permitted to calibrate the validity of geophysical methods, in relation to the geological stratification and to the remarkable complexity and overlap of materials and construction techniques adopted. IV. GEOPHYSICAL METHODS AND RESULTS Therefore, in order to highlight the buried archaeological features at Arpi, large magnetometer map and 3D-GPR analysis were carried out. The magnetometer approach allowed us the possibility to obtain a fast and large investigation on the studied area with a short-time consuming and a high-detection check. The magnetic measurements were performed using an optical pumping magnetometer G-858 (by Geometrics) in gradiometric configuration, with two magnetic probes set in a vertical direction (1m each other). The large magnetic map was obtained by several parallel profiles with an interspaced line of 1m and a sampling rate of 5Hz. The rough magnetic data were filtered to obtain the best S/N ratio providing pass-band filter, spikes elimination, zigzag effect and destripe. The data were further processed using a kringing interpolation and visualized as a shaded relief image [3] [4]. One of the geomagnetic elaborated maps is visible in figure 3. The map highlights several linear anomalies (yellow arrows), which should be associated to archaeological linear features. Moreover, the large geomagnetic anomaly (red circle) should be associated to a tomb, which was highlighted in the past. Other similar anomalies in the area could be interpreted in the same direction. Fig. 3. Interpreted Geomagnetic map. The GPR is an electromagnetic (e.m) method used for archaeological targets. The GPR radiates short e.m. pulses into the ground and detects the signals reflected from subsurface structures. In order to investigate some areas, the GPR measurements were performed by the means of the SIR3000 instrument (GSSI), which was connected to a monostatic antenna (400 MHz, GSSI). The ReflexW software was used to process the data. The employed process was: dewow, gain, static correction, 154

16 bandpass frequency, background removal, average filter. Moreover, an estimation of the electromagnetic velocity and a migration tool was applied on the radargramms (Vem=0.09 m/ns). In order to observe the archaeological geometry of buried structures, a 3D-GPR approach was adopted. Similar anomalies with the same geometry and the same depth were found in some other areas investigated (fig. 2). Fig. 5. Sector excavated in 1994 and recently analyzed with the GPR (Photo M. Marchesino, Centro Operativo per l Archeologia della Daunia, Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia). Fig. 4. GPR time slice. Vem= 0.09 m/ns The GPR profiles were carried out along parallel lines on both directions with an interpolation line of 0.5m. Figure 4 shows two time slices coming from a 3D-GPR. It shows a large and well-defined reflection zone at about 0.5m and 1.25m deep, which should be associated to buried archaeological structure (walls, cavity, etc.). IV - CONCLUSION Today, except for the Medusa s tomb (Ipogeo della Medusa), almost nothing is visible of the ancient establishment. The area delimitated by the city walls (aggere) is still private land and it is systematically subject to clandestine excavations. The integrated use of different geophysical technologies shows the importance of multisensor data set [3] [4], which can significantly contribute to provide data useful for the archaeological excavations and to improve the archaeological plan of the already excavated structures (walls, tombs, etc.). REFERENCES [1] M. Mazzei, Condottieri epiroti nella Daunia ellenistica: l evidenza archeological, Alessandro il Molosso e i «condottieri», in Magna Grecia, Atti del 43 convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia, Taranto-Cosenza settembre 2003, Taranto 2004, pp [2] Cl. Pouzadoux, Pr. Munzi, A. Santoriello, I.M. Muntoni, Arpi : formes et modes de vie d une cité italiote (IVe-IIe siècle av. n. è.), Chronique des activités archéologiques de l École française de Rome [Online], Italie du Sud, forthcoming. [3] E. Rizzo, D. Chianese and V. Lapenna, Integration of magnetometric, gpr and geoelectric measurements applied to the archaeological site of Viggiano (Southern Italy, Agri Valley-Basilicata), Near Surface Geophysics, 3, pp [4] E. Rizzo, N. Masini, R. Lasaponara, G. Orefici, ArchaeoGeophysical methods in the Templo del Escalonado (Cahuachi, Nasca, Perù), Near Surface Geophysics Vol 8, No. 5, October 2010, pp doi: /