Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series

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1 Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series Series Editors Megan Vaughan University College London United Kingdom Richard Drayton King s College London United Kingdom

2 The Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies series is a collection of studies on empires in world history and on the societies and cultures which emerged from colonialism. It includes both transnational, comparative and connective studies, and studies which address where particular regions or nations participate in global phenomena. While in the past the series focused on the British Empire and Commonwealth, in its current incarnation there is no imperial system, period of human history or part of the world which lies outside of its compass. While we particularly welcome the first monographs of young researchers, we also seek major studies by more senior scholars, and welcome collections of essays with a strong thematic focus. The series includes work on politics, economics, culture, literature, science, art, medicine, and war. Our aim is to collect the most exciting new scholarship on world history with an imperial theme. More information about this series at

3 T. M. Devine Angela McCarthy Editors The Scottish Experience in Asia, c.1700 to the Present Settlers and Sojourners

4 Editors T. M. Devine University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, United Kingdom Angela McCarthy University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the Economic and Social Research Council for funding our three-year seminar series on Scotland s Diasporas in Comparative International Perspective (a joint initiative of Angela McCarthy, Tom Devine, and Nick Evans). It was at one of those seminars in June 2015 on the Scots in Asia that most of the chapters in this book were first presented. They have since been extended and revised for publication here and we are grateful to contributors for their support of the book, their swift communication with us, and their willingness to undertake revisions. We are also appreciative of feedback from two expert commentators at the seminar (Professor John M. MacKenzie and Dr Andrew Mackillop), whose thoughtful reflections fed into the final versions of the chapters presented here. We also thank the Scottish Centre for Diaspora Studies at the University of Edinburgh for providing a venue for the event. T.M. Devine and Angela McCarthy v

6 CONTENTS 1 Introduction: The Scottish Experience in Asia, c.1700 to the Present: Settlers and Sojourners 1 T.M. Devine and Angela McCarthy 2 A Scottish Empire of Enterprise in the East, c T.M. Devine 3 Scottish Orientalists, Administrators and Missions: A Distinctive Scots Approach to Asia? 51 John M. MacKenzie 4 Scottish Agency Houses in South-East Asia, c.1760 c George McGilvary 5 Scots and the Imposition of Improvement in South India 97 Joanna Frew 6 Death or a Pension: Scottish Fortunes at the End of the East India Company, c Ellen Filor vii

7 viii CONTENTS 7 Governor J.A. Stewart Mackenzie and the Making of Ceylon 143 Patrick Peebles 8 Scots and the Coffee Industry in Nineteenth Century Ceylon 163 T.J. Barron 9 Ceylon: A Scottish Colony? 187 Angela McCarthy 10 Addicting the Dragon? Jardine, Matheson & Co in the China Opium Trade 213 T.M. Devine 11 The Shanghai Scottish: Volunteers with Scottish, Imperial and Local Identities, Isabella Jackson 12 Ethnic Associationalism and Networking among the Scots in Asia: A Longitudinal Comparison, c.1870 to the Present 259 Tanja Bueltmann 13 The Right Kind of Migrants: Scottish Expatriates in Hong Kong Since 1950 and the Promotion of Human Capital 283 Iain Watson Index 309

8 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Tom Barron is a graduate of Aberdeen and London Universities. He taught in the Department of Commonwealth and American History at the University of Edinburgh from , with two periods as a Visiting Fellow, at Peradeniya University and at Colombo University in Sri Lanka. He became Director of the International Office at Edinburgh from His research interests and publications include work on the history of imperial administration and studies in the British period of Sri Lankan history. Tanja Bueltmann is Reader in History at Northumbria University. Her research interests are in diaspora and British World history, especially the history of ethnic associationalism and immigrant community life. She is the author of: the awardwinning Clubbing Together: Ethnicity, Civility and Formal Sociability in the Scottish Diaspora to 1930 (2014); Scottish Ethnicity and the Making of New Zealand Society, 1850 to 1930 (2011); and, with Andrew Hinson and Graeme Morton, The Scottish Diaspora (2013). Tanja s current research focuses on her ESRC Future Research Leaders project entitled European, Ethnic and Expatriate: A Longitudinal Comparison of German and British Social Networking and Associational Formations in Modern-day Asia. T. M. Devine is Sir William Fraser Professor Emeritus of Scottish History and Palaeography at the University of Edinburgh. His main research interest is the history of the Scottish people at home and abroad since c.1600 in comparative and international context. His latest book, Independence or Union, was published by Penguin in Devine was knighted in 2014 for services to the study of Scottish history. Ellen Filor is a Junior Research Fellow at the Institute of Advanced Studies, University College London. She completed her PhD in 2014 at University College ix

9 x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS London. Her thesis examined Border Scots in the East India Company in the 70 years before the Indian Revolt of Since passing her viva, she has also been a Scottish Studies Fulbright Scholar at the University of Michigan. Joanna Frew has a PhD from the University of Essex, entitled 'Metropolitan Thought and Practices in the Empire: The Case of Scots and Agricultural Improvement in South India, 1792 c.1814'. The research focuses on Scottish imperial networks in India in the late eighteenth century and asks what effect these persistent networks had on imperial policy at the fringes of empire. After studying history and international relations as an undergraduate, Joanna worked in the NGO sector for ten years, then returned to research after a Master s in International Law at SOAS. Isabella Jackson is Assistant Professor in Chinese History at Trinity College Dublin. Her research focuses on the history of colonialism in China and the global and regional networks that shaped its treaty ports, and she recently co-edited (with Robert Bickers) a volume on Treaty Ports in Modern China: Law, Land and Power (2016). Before taking up her current position, she was a Departmental Lecturer at the University of Oxford and then the Helen Bruce Lecturer in Modern East Asian History at the University of Aberdeen. She is preparing a monograph, provisionally entitled Shanghai: Transnational Colonialism in China s Global City, based on her prize-winning PhD thesis on the Shanghai Municipal Council. John M. MacKenzie has been publishing on aspects of the history of British Empire since the early 1970s. He was general editor of the Manchester University Press Studies in Imperialism series for more than thirty years taking it to more than 100 books. His own books include Propaganda and Empire (1984), The Empire of Nature (1988), Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (1995), The Scots in South Africa (2007) and Museums and Empire (2009). He has recently been the Editor- in- Chief of the four-volume Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Empire (2016) and has been co-editor of Scotland, Empire and Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century ( 2015), Exhibiting the Empire (2015) and Global Migrations: The Scottish Diaspora since 1600 (2016). He has travelled and lectured widely in Asia and is currently working on a cultural history of the British Empire. Angela McCarthy is Professor of Scottish and Irish History at the University of Otago, New Zealand, where she teaches Irish and Scottish history and migration, and migration, race and ethnicity in New Zealand. She is the author/editor of ten books on migration, including A Global Clan: Scottish Migrant Networks and Identities since the Eighteenth Century (2006), Personal Narratives of Irish and Scottish Migration, : For Spirit and Adventure (2007), Irishness and Scottishness in New Zealand (2011) and (with John MacKenzie) Global Migrations: The Scottish Diaspora since 1600 (2016). Angela s most recent monograph is

10 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi Migration, Ethnicity, and Madness (2015) and she is currently writing a biography of James Taylor, the father of Ceylon tea. George McGilvary is an Honorary Post-Doctoral Fellow of the Scottish Centre of Diaspora Studies, University of Edinburgh. His initial work was a biography of Laurence Sulivan MP ( ). Further publications deal with Scottish-East India Company connections, patronage and the impact of Scottish nabobs on Scotland. Other works analyse the commercial activities of the Scottish elite in Scotland, London, South-East Asia and China. Patrick Peebles is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Missouri- Kansas City, where he taught world history, historical methods, and the modern history of Asia. He is a specialist on the modern history of Sri Lanka (Ceylon), where he was an American Peace Corps Volunteer from His most recent books are Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka (2015) and Voices of South Asia. Essential Readings from Antiquity to the Present (2012). Iain Watson was born in Singapore and raised in the Scottish expatriate environments of Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Penang. He has pursued a career as a global banker working in the United Kingdom, France, the Yemen, Hong Kong, New Zealand and Australia. Having left the financial services industry, he is currently a PhD candidate at the University of Edinburgh where he is conducting a comparative study of Scottish migrants to Hong Kong and New Zealand since He holds degrees from the Open University (BA Hons in History) and the University of Edinburgh (MSc in Diaspora and Migration History).

11 LIST OF FIGURES Fig 6.1 Birthplace of Indian Civil Service Recruits by Percentage, Fig. 6.2 Civil Servants: Death or a Pension, Fig. 6.3 Years to Pension, Fig. 6.4 Map of Edinburgh Suburbs with East Indian Company families marked in black 133 Fig. 8.1 Robert Boyd Tytler (Source: Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Digitised by Natural History Museum Library, London Fig. 8.2 Sir James Elphinstone amongst the planters (Source: Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Digitised by Natural History Museum Library, London Fig. 9.1 James Taylor and an unidentified friend, Ceylon, 1863 (Courtesy of T.J. Barron) 193 Fig. 9.2 Scottish Ceylon Tea Company ( Tropical Agriculturalist, 1 April 1892, 742), courtesy of the University of Edinburgh Library 197 Fig. 9.3 Fig Fig Scottish Baronial Tea Castle at Talawakelle, Sri Lanka (copyright Angela McCarthy) 203 The Shanghai Scottish at the King s Birthday Parade, 1933, (Source: Virtual Cities Project, Institut d Asie Orientale, Lyon) 243 A Sikh policeman, a Scottish Highlander and an English inspector, (Source: Shanghai, Guo Yi (National Art), 1, 5 6 (Shanghai, 1940), 80) 244 xiii

12 xiv LIST OF FIGURES Fig Socio-economic profile, Shanghai St Andrew s Society members, based on data from Fig Opium imports into China, Fig Hong Kong s population, Fig Hong Kong GDP per capita comparison 294

13 LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Moveable property of accountants and Indian civil servants at death, Table 9.1 Nationality/Race/Birthplace of British and Irish Migrants in Ceylon, Table 12.1 Examples of relief provided by the Shanghai St Andrew s Society 264 Table 13.1 Perceptions of the Scottish cultural impact on Hong Kong 291 Table 13.2 Gini coefficients of income inequality in UK, USA and Hong Kong 295 Table 13.3 Hong Kong mid-range luxury apartment average rent per month 298 xv