Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 6618

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1 Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 6618 Edited by R. Goebel, J. Siekmann, and W. Wahlster Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science FoLLI Publications on Logic, Language and Information Editors-in-Chief Luigia Carlucci Aiello, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy Michael Moortgat, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Maarten de Rijke, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Editorial Board Carlos Areces, INRIA Lorraine, France Nicholas Asher, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA Johan van Benthem, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Raffaella Bernardi, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy Antal van den Bosch, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Paul Buitelaar, DFKI, Saarbrücken, Germany Diego Calvanese, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy Ann Copestake, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Robert Dale, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Luis Fariñas, IRIT, Toulouse, France Claire Gardent, INRIA Lorraine, France Rajeev Goré, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Reiner Hähnle, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden Wilfrid Hodges, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom Carsten Lutz, Dresden University of Technology, Germany Christopher Manning, Stanford University, CA, USA Valeria de Paiva, Palo Alto Research Center, CA, USA Martha Palmer, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA Alberto Policriti, University of Udine, Italy James Rogers, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, USA Francesca Rossi, University of Padua, Italy Yde Venema, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Bonnie Webber, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom Ian H. Witten, University of Waikato, New Zealand

2 Nick Bezhanishvili Sebastian Löbner Kerstin Schwabe Luca Spada (Eds.) Logic, Language, and Computation 8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2009 Bakuriani, Georgia, September 21-25, 2009 Revised Selected Papers 13

3 Series Editors Randy Goebel, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Jörg Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany Wolfgang Wahlster, DFKI and University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany Volume Editors Nick Bezhanishvili Imperial College London, UK Sebastian Löbner Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany Kerstin Schwabe Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, Germany Luca Spada Department of Mathematics, University of Salerno - Fisciano (SA), Italy lspada@unisa.it ISSN e-issn ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2, F.4.1 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 7 Artificial Intelligence Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 Preface This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language and Computation held in Bakuriani during September 21 25, The symposium was jointly organized by the Centre for Language, Logic and Speech (CLLS) of Tbilisi State University, Georgian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) of the University of Amsterdam. As follows from the title, this conference series is centered around the interaction between logic, language and computation. While the conference is open to contributions from any of these three fields, it also aims to promote close cross-fertilization between these areas and encourages research on their interface. The Tbilisi Symposium series is renowned for its mix of a nice, friendly and informal social atmosphere and very high professional standards, in particular for the high quality of the tutorials as well as invited and contributed talks given at the conference. The 8th Tbilisi Symposium was no exception to this rule. It was held in the beautiful mountainous resort of Bakuriani located in the central part of Georgia. The excellent local organization made the conference an unforgettable experience for all of its participants. On the professional side, there were three tutorials given in each of the three major disciplines of the conference. Each of these tutorials was aimed at the (local) students attending the conference as well as the researchers working in the other areas. The logic tutorial given by Mai Gehrke (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen) was centered around duality and the theory of canonical extensions for distributive lattice expansions. A tutorial on computation was given by Carlos Areces (LORIA, INRIA Nancy). It discussed different computational aspects of modal-like logics. The linguistics tutorial was presented by Pauline Jacobson (Brown University). It concentrated on the compositionality of natural language semantics. Special attention was paid to the analysis of quantified NPs and coordinated expressions, and the interaction between them. There were also six invited talks: two on logic by Achim Jung (University of Birmingham) and Norbert Preining (Vienna University of Technology), two on language by Pauline Jacobson (Brown University) and Sebastian Löbner (Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf), and two on computation by Carlos Areces (LORIA, INRIA Nancy) and Frans Groen (Universiteit van Amsterdam). Full papers of many of the contributed talks given at the conference can be found in this volume. The conference was also special for yet another reason. It was dedicated to the 75th birthday of Leo Esakia and the 70th birthday of Dick de Jongh. As well as being outstanding researchers, Leo Esakia and Dick de Jongh were among the originators of the Tbilisi Symposium series. They also had many common research interests, which is why it was decided to organize a special workshop

5 VI Preface during the conference dedicated to Leo s and Dick s work. Talks at this workshop were centered around their contributions to intuitionistic and provability logic and the current state of art in these fields. The presentations were given by Lev Beklemishev (Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow), Nick Bezhanishvili (Imperial College London), David Gabelaia (Razmadze Mathematical Institute), Mai Gehrke (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen), Mamuka Jibladze (Razmadze Mathematical Institute) and Dimitri Pataraia (Razmadze Mathematical Institute). Unfortunately, this workshop was one of the last to be attended by Leo Esakia. In November 2010 the sad news of his passing shook the logic community around the world. Esakia s papers in this volume turned out to be his last contributions. This preface is followed by a note written by Dick de Jongh in commemoration of Leo Esakia a great logician and an extraordinary person. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the anonymous reviewers for their high-quality input in preparation of this volume. Special thanks go to Johan van Benthem, Ulle Endriss, Frans Groen, Ingrid van Loon, Peter van Ormondt, and Anne Troelstra for their support in obtaining funding for the conference. January 2011 Nick Bezhanishvili Sebastian Löbner Kerstin Schwabe Luca Spada

6 Organization The 8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Language, Logic and Computation was held in Bakuriani, Georgia, September 21 25, 2009 and was organized by the Centre for Language, Logic and Speech at the Tbilisi State University, Georgian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation of the University of Amsterdam. Organizing Committee Rusiko Asatiani Paul Dekker (Chair) David Gabelaia Peter van Ormondt Program Committee Local Organization Anna Chutkerashvili Marina Ivanishvili Nino Javashvili Liana Lortkipanidze Khimur Rukhaia Barbara Partee (Chair) Tamaz Gamkrelidze (Chair) R. Ramanujam (Co-chair computation) Temur Kutsia (Co-chair computation) Peter Bosch (Co-chair language) George Chikoidze (Co-chair language) Mattias Baaz (Co-chair logic) Guram Bezhanishvili (Co-chair logic) Nick Bezhanishvili Nani Chanishvili Leo Esakia Dick de Jongh Carl Vogel Henk Zeevat Tutorials Carlos Areces Mai Gehrke Pauline Jacobson LORIA, INRIA Nancy, France Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Brown University, USA Invited Speakers Carlos Areces Frans Groen LORIA, INRIA Nancy, France Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands

7 VIII Organization Pauline Jacobson Achim Jung Sebastian Löbner Norbert Preining Brown University, USA University of Birmingham, UK Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany Vienna University of Technology, Austria Workshop Dedicated to the Birthdays of Leo Esakia and Dick de Jongh Lev Beklemishev Nick Bezhanishvili David Gabelaia Mai Gehrke Mamuka Jibladze Dimitri Pataraia Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow, Russia Imperial College London, UK Razmadze Mathematical Institute, Georgia Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Razmadze Mathematical Institute, Georgia Razmadze Mathematical Institute, Georgia

Leo Esakia (1934 2010) It was sad and almost incredible to hear on November 17, 2010, that Leo Esakia had passed away that day, and that the 8th Tbilisi Symposium that was held in his honor was to be

8 Leo Esakia ( ) It was sad and almost incredible to hear on November 17, 2010, that Leo Esakia had passed away that day, and that the 8th Tbilisi Symposium that was held in his honor was to be his last. For all the people who knew him this came as a great shock. This was especially so for the research community working on algebraic, topological, and categorical methods in logic of which he can be considered a founder. Of course, for many years it was clear that his health was not the best, but it seemed over the last few years that he had overcome a low point and was in the middle of a new creative period. For regular participants of the Tbilisi Symposia it is very difficult to imagine him no longer being a part of the next one. In two respects he stood out: in the mathematical logical results that he obtained as a researcher, and in the group of researchers that he brought up as a teacher. By being both a great researcher and a great teacher he succeeded in building his algebraic topological research community in the world at large. For a considerable part this happened in the weekly seminars he always gave, in which teaching and research were inextricably fused and in which he was able to instill his knowledge and love of the field into around 20 high-level students among which were Slava Meskhi, Revaz Grigolia, Merab Abashidze, Mamuka Jibladze, Dito Pataraia, Gogi Japaridze, Guram and Nick Bezhanishvili and David Gabelaia. By him being the continuous driving force in these seminars, and by always standing up for his students, through long and often very harsh periods, he succeeded in creating a Georgian school of logic that has survived and is flourishing when mathematical logic has dwindled at many other places. He was also the constant factor on the logical side in the bi-annual Tbilisi Symposia on Language, Logic and Computation. This helped the logical community in Georgia to remain in contact with the international logical community, and for some of its members to find positions elsewhere to continue their work in Esakia s research area and spread his ideas. The 8th Tbilisi Symposium was dedicated to Leo Esakia and me, and one of its workshops in it was dedicated to our work. I felt very honored because of that, because of my great admiration for Leo s work, and because it was happening in Georgia. There were a number of reasons that this was considered fitting. It was not only the closeness of our respective 75th and 70th birthdays to the date of the conference, the fact that I have been present at many of the Tbilisi Symposia as well, and both of us had been involved in its organization. Also, our work often concerned the same logics: intuitionistic logic and provability logic, and we actually had two common students, Nick Arevadze and Nick Bezhanishvili,

9 X Organization while both of us had, of course, communications with each other s students in many other ways. The workshop at the 8th symposium was a great occasion for me, it felt like taking part in Leo s seminar for one afternoon, to be one of its members just once and thereby feel a little bit like his student. I was not fortunate enough to work with Leo directly. I worked in the same area of algebraic methods in intuitionistic logic as a student around 1970, but turned to logics in metamathematics for a long period afterwards, and only returned to the area when influenced by his student Nick Bezhanishvili, who came to be my PhD student in Amsterdam in 2001 after being coached as a Master s student in Tbilisi by Leo Esakia. In 1976 Wim Blok and Leo Esakia independently proved an important theorem of modal logic, which later became known as the Blok Esakia theorem. At that time Wim Blok s dissertation in Amsterdam seemed more of a mathematical than a logical contribution. I realized the importance of the Blok Esakia theorem only much later. In our surroundings the rise of the algebraic topological approach to logic was slow. It only gained its momentum in the 1990s. Naturally and inexorably Leo s work became more and more influential. In Amsterdam this rise was mainly instigated by Yde Venema, who returned there a few years after finishing his PhD in In the article with Fan Yang in this volume, for the first time I fully used the descriptive frames arising from Leo Esakia s duality for intuitionistic logic. Of course this work was started by Leo in the early 1970s, on which much later work by many people has been based. Esakia s lemma and the Blok Esakia theorem stand out in this period. The 1980s was the period of his very original work on the provability logic GL and related logics, especially the completeness of GL with respect to the scattered spaces. All consecutive work relating topology and provability logic is indebted to this work; for example, Lev Beklemishev s contribution in this volume. In later periods Leo Esakia combined work on intuitionistic and provability logic, and extended and broadened his work to intuitionistic modal logics related to GL, especially by introducing the logic wk4 as a proper basic logic for these studies. Leo did not participate much in the details of the organization of the symposia, but he was distinctly influential in his suggestions for inviting speakers for the logical side of it, and we always listened and tried to follow his advice. I am sure that this is an important reason that the symposia have been so successful in embedding the group of Georgian logicians led by him into the wider logical community. That one made sure to take Leo s opinions in these and other matters into account as much as possible was not due to any forcible pressure. One was simply sure that his suggestions were right because of the extraordinary human being that he was, by his gentle, unassuming fairness, by his concentration on the facts, and by the absolute clearness that he had the best insight in the field.

10 Organization XI In the next symposia we will miss this insight, we will miss his guidance, we will miss his quiet strength, but we will not miss his ideas about applying and studying logic these are being carried forward by the group of Georgian logicians that he forged and by the much larger group of logicians influenced by him and by them. Dick de Jongh

11 Table of Contents Logic and Computation Ordinal Completeness of Bimodal Provability Logic GLB... 1 Lev Beklemishev Spectral and T 0 -Spaces in d-semantics Guram Bezhanishvili, Leo Esakia, and David Gabelaia A Note on Uniform Interpolation Proofs in Modal Deep Inference Calculi Marta Bílková A Modal Transcription of the Hausdorff Residue Leo Esakia Jankov s Theorems for Intermediate Logics in the Setting of Universal Models Dick de Jongh and Fan Yang A View of Canonical Extension Mai Gehrke and Jacob Vosmaer Intuitionistic Sequent-Style Calculus with Explicit Structural Rules Silvia Ghilezan, Jelena Ivetić, Pierre Lescanne, and Dragisa Žunić Efficient Design and Inference in Distributed Bayesian Networks: An Overview Patrick de Oude, Frans C.A. Groen, and Gregor Pavlin Logic of Questions and Public Announcements Michal Peliš and Ondrej Majer Boolean Modal Logic wk4 Dyn Doxastic Interpretation Levan Uridia Language Functional Analysis of Contrasting Conjunctions in Georgian Rusudan Asatiani Discourse Relations and Relevance Implicatures: A Case Study Anton Benz and Fabienne Salfner

12 XIV Table of Contents Clitic Movement in Pregroup Grammar: A Cross-Linguistic Approach Claudia Casadio and Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh The Functions of the Particles mxolod and mart o in Georgian Anna Chutkerashvili Aspectual Shifts With and Without Type Conflict Sabine Gründer Preverbs in Megrelian Marine Ivanishvili and Ether Soselia The Syntax/Semantics Interface: Compositionality Issues Pauline Jacobson A Finite State Approach to Abkhaz Morphology and Stress Paul Meurer From Inference to Meaning: Experimental Study on Reasoning with Quantifiers Some and Most Maria Spychalska The Imperfect Measure of Internally Plural Events Lucia M. Tovena The Meaning of the Additive Too: Presupposition and Discourse Similarity Grégoire Winterstein Bayesian NL Interpretation and Learning Henk Zeevat Author Index

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 6517

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 6517 Edited by R. Goebel, J. Siekmann, and W. Wahlster Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science FoLLI Publications on Logic, Language and Information Editors-in-Chief