MONITORED RESULTS FROM AN INNOVATIVE SOLAR RENOVATION OF MULTI STOREY HOUSING - EU SHINE ENGELSBY, FLENSBURG

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1 MOITORED RESULTS FROM A IOVATIVE SOLAR REOVATIO OF MULTI STOREY HOUSIG - EU SHIE EGELSBY, FLESBURG Olaf B. Jørgensen and Lars T. ielsen Esbensen Consulting Engineers, Vesterbrogade 24 B, 62 Copenhagen V, Denk, Tel.: , Fax: , address: o.b.joergensen@esbensen.dk, l.t.nielsen@esbensen.dk Abstract This paper contains the results of the monitoring program for Engelsby, which consists of two eight-storey buildings with five apartments on each floor, making a total of 4 apartments per building. The monitoring started spring and will continue until May. The monitoring contains hourly data for the temperatures in 8 apartments, the relative humidity in 4 apartments and the climatic data. Heat allocation meters have been set up on the radiators in 5 selected apartments and has been monitored periodically. Also the gains from solar collectors on the rooftop of one the buildings in Engelsby, have been monitored periodically. The daylight levels inside some selected apartments will be measured in May, where also a questionnaire will be given to the tenants and then evaluated.. ITRODUCTIO The project demonstrates an exemplar implementation of new and inative solar based techniques in the reation of two tower blocks. The energy demand for heating, ventilation and production of domestic hot water are expected to be reduced by 6%. Furthermore, significant improvements of the thermal comfort and the air quality are expected. The Engelsby project is part of an ongoing EU THERMIE project SHIE. The feasibility study for the project is based on the results of IEA SHC Task 2. The results from the design and construction phase were reported at the EuroSun 98 conference in Slovenia. As a follow up, this paper focuses on reporting the monitored results and the conclusions derived from the monitoring. Figure 3.: Picture of Engelsby before reation. 2. OBJECTIVES The design team has developed a promising design and the international partners of the EU SHIE project have carried out a valuable design review. Monitoring has been carried out through and will continue until May. 5 of the 8 apartments are monitored in detail with respect to energy use, indoor air temperatures, relative air humidities and solar gains. Also monitoring of the daylight levels will be carried out. Furthermore, the performance of the solar collectors has been monitored. Also comprehensive monitoring of the outdoor climate has been carried out in order to define the solar fraction of the implemented solar techniques. Finally, tenants satisfaction will be evaluated based on a user questionnaire. 3. DESCRIPTIO OF THE EGELSBY HOUSES Due to degradation of the building envelope, a reation and an urban renewal of the two old multi-storey houses in Engelsby was necessary. Figure 3. and 3.2 show pictures of the buildings before and after the reation. Figure 3.2: Picture of Engelsby after reation. The two houses (Franz Schubert Hof 2 and Mozart Strasse 3) are located in Engelsby, near Flensburg in Germany just south of the Danish border. Both buildings are eight-storey high with five apartments per floor,

2 making a total of 4 apartments per building. The next three figures shown the location, the orientation and the placement of the apartments on each floor in the buildings. Figure 3.3: Location of Engelsby (54.5, 9.3 E). Facade and roof integrated solar heating systems are used for reduction of thermal losses, preheating of ventilation air and heating of domestic hot water. The ventilation system is a demand controlled moisture regulated exhaust air system. Windows are either provided with low-e glazing and gas filling or the are single glazed in the balconies. External walls not facing the sun are insulated. The new glazed lift tower and glazed facade enables a high utilisation of daylight, improving the visual climate of the indoor common areas of the common staircase. The active and passive solar elements are integrated parts of the building envelope. This integration reduces the costs for construction and improves the total energy performance of the systems. The reated buildings serve as architecturally exemplar proposals for the integration of solar energy techniques in future building reation. Finally, the integration of renewables improves the quality of living in the local community, and serves as an example for other urban planners. In the project was awarded with a first prize in a German competition for implementation of solar energy in building reation (Mesreis Solar'99). 4. EXPECTATIOS The inative solar-based techniques used in Engelsby shall, together with conventional reating appliances, ensure a low energy demand compared to conventional reated buildings. The calculated energy savings from the design phase is an expected reduction of 6% for the energy demand for heating, ventilation and production of domestic hot water. The solar collectors are expected to supply 3% of the annual energy demand for domestic hot water in Franz Schubert Hof 2. Significant improvements of the thermal comfort and the air quality are also expected. Figure 3.4: Location and orientation of the buildings. 5. MOITORIG PROCEDURE AD STATUS The monitoring program in Engelsby covers many parameters and thousands of data. The following sections describe the different kinds of measurements made in the monitoring period. Section 5.8 describes the problems in the monitoring phase. 5. Relative humidity inside apartments Small humidity loggers were placed in 4 selected apartments. They are placed in strategic places in the living room next to the glazed balconies. Figure 3.5: The location of the apartments on each floor. The monitoring period started medio March and is supposed to finish by the end of April.

3 Figure 5.: Picture of Tinytags loggers. Temperature (left), temperature/humidity (middle), matchbox (right). 5.2 Temperatures inside the apartments Small temperature loggers were placed in strategic places in the living room next to the glazed balconies in 8 selected apartments. The logging period is from medio March until May. The loggers are shown in figure Use of resources in the apartments Values for energy consumption for space heating have been read from the evaporimeter on the radiators in 5 selected apartments. Figure 5.3: Location of radiators inside the apartments. The apartment numbers are the same for both buildings. 5.4 Daylight conditions Monitoring of the daylight levels in the apartments has not yet been made. These measurements will take place in May. 5.5 Active solar for domestic hot water On the roof of Franz Schubert Hof 2 an area of 8 m² tilted (45 ) solar collectors are placed. The energy gained from the solar collectors is monitored in the technical room located in the basement in the building. Figure 5.2: Electronic Heat Allocation Meters that have been placed on the radiators in 5 selected apartments. The apartments have between 3 and 5 radiators depending on location and size. The placement of the radiators in each apartment is shown in figure 5.3. Figure 5.4: Tilted (45 ) solar collectors on the roof of Franz Schubert Hof Measurements of outdoor climate On the roof of Franz Schubert Hof 2 a weather station has been set up. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, air pressure and global radiation on horizontal have been measured every minutes since medio March.

4 The loggers in the apartments are set to measure every 5 minutes and the weather station is logging every minutes. This means that only two measurements are taken at the same time every hour. Therefore, always set the same measuring interval for individual loggers. In this monitoring program a logging interval of one hour would have been sufficient. Figure 5.5: View from the weather station on top of Franz Schubert Hof 2. otice the shadow from the exhaust pipes, which gave problems with monitoring the solar radiation with the pyranometers. 5.7 Questionnaires A questionnaire has been developed, but has not yet been given to the tenants and has therefore not yet been evaluated. The questionnaires will be distributed in May and the results will be presented at the EuroSun conference. An exhaust pipe on the rooftop made a shadow on the pyranometer around : every day. Fortunately, there were placed two pyranometer next to each other and the exhaust pipe never made a shadow on both at the same time, so the maximum of the two measurements have been used in the evaluation of the data. Even though the tenants are very friendly, there is a limit for how much inconvenience they will accept. This also makes it difficult to check the equipment as often as wanted. Long distances to the location of measuring gives problems with the co-ordination with the tenants and makes it time consuming both to come and check the equipment and to collect the monitored data. 5.8 Lost measurements and general problems Good planning can avoid many problems in a monitoring process, but it is almost impossible to foresee all problems that can occur. In this project the problems were directed mostly to the tenants. In order to download data from the loggers inside the apartments, access to the apartments is necessary. This gave many problems as the tenants often were not home at daytime and therefore periods with missing data in the middle of the monitoring period exists. Some of the small Tinytag loggers measuring relative humidity and temperature were programmed to Stop when full instead of Overwrite old data. This meant that soon after the first successful readings the logging stopped because the loggers were full. This way data were lost for some apartments for a period. People moving in and out of apartments have simply thrown out the small loggers, probably because they didn t know what it was. Also the hidden loggers in the corridor disappeared shortly after the monitoring period started. The hidden spot was obviously not hidden very well. In the graphs shown later in this paper data for the missing loggers are included. This is done in order to show where the loggers should have monitored data. Legends for the missing data are indicated with lines combined with a dot.

5 6. MOITORED RESULTS 6. Relative humidity inside apartments Relativ humidity [%] Rel. humidity in apartments with balconies towards south 2-3-f 2-3-5f 3--f 3--5f 3-6-5f 3-7-5f 2-opg-f Amb. RH. Figure 6.: Relative humidity in apartments with balconies towards south, and data for the corridor in FSH2 plus the outdoor relative humidity. Relativ humidity [%] Rel. humidity in apartments with balconies towards west 2-3-3f 3--3f 3-7-2f 3-7-3f 2-opg-f Amb. RH. Figure 6.2: Relative humidity in apartments with balconies towards south, and data for the corridor in FSH2 plus the outdoor relative humidity. for the relative humidity in the apartments. The relative humidity outside has the opposite tendency, low levels during summer and high levels at winter. The following table 6. shows the average relative humidity for the different measured apartments for the four seasons in. Location Orient. Spring Summer Autumn Winter 2-3-f S 33% 48% 43% 3% 2-3-5f S 42% 53% 5% 38% 3--f S 4% 52% 49% 38% 3--5f S 53% 59% 54% 43% 3-6-5f S f S 47% 55% 5% 39% 2-3-3f W 38% 5% 47% 3% 3--3f W 4% 55% 49% 33% 3-7-2f W - 5% 55% f W - 52% 55% 37% 2-3-4f E 46% 53% 5% f E - 54% 5% 39% 3-7-4f E 52% 58% 53% 38% Corridor - 53% Amb. RH - 83% 82% 93% 97% Table 6.: Seasonal average relative humidity in the apartments in Engelsby. The relative humidity levels during winter are fairly low (under 4%) for most apartments, which might lead to problems with static electricity, and dry throats. For the spring, summer and autumn period the levels are fine. Relativ humidity [%] Rel. humidity in apartments with balconies towards east 2-3-4f 3--4f 3-7-4f 2-opg-f Amb. RH. Figure 6.3: Relative humidity in apartments with balconies towards south, and data for the corridor in FSH2 plus the outdoor relative humidity. The typical indoor relative humidity level is low in the winter, raising during spring, peaking in summer and finally falling in the autumn. The same tendency is valid

6 6.2 Indoor temperatures Temperature [ C] Temperatures in apartments with balconies towards south 2-3-t 2-3-5t 3--t 3--5t 3-6-5t 3-7-5t 2-opg-t Amb. T. Figure 6.4: Temperatures in apartments with balconies towards south, and data for the corridor in FSH2 plus the outdoor temperature. Temperature [ C] Temperatures in apartments with balconies towards west 2-3-2t 2-3-3t 3--2t 3--3t 3-6-3t 3-7-2t 3-7-3t 2-opg-t Amb. T. Figure 6.5: Temperatures in apartments with balconies towards south, and data for the corridor in FSH2 plus the outdoor temperature. Temperature [ C] Temperatures in apartments with balconies towards east 2-3-4t 3--4t 3-6-4t 3-7-4t 2-opg-t Amb. T. Figure 6.6: Temperatures in apartments with balconies towards south, and data for the corridor in FSH2 plus the outdoor temperature. around 5 higher than the ambient temperature in the summertime. The following table 6.2 shows the average temperatures in different apartments for the four seasons. Location Orient. Spring Summer Autumn Winter 2-3-t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t W t W t W t W t W t W t W t E t E t E t E Corridor Amb. temp Table 6.2: Seasonal average temperatures in the apartments in Engelsby. From table 6.2 it is clear that the temperatures are very stable around 2 in the wintertime. The average temperatures in the summer are fairly low and nothing indicates problems with overheating. The tenants also seems very energy concerned, because the temperature in almost all apartments are kept around 2 in wintertime. The temperatures are quite stable around 2 for the whole period for all apartments. Occasionally, the temperature becomes very high in the summer, but in general there seems to be no problems with overheating in the apartments. The indoor temperature often is

7 6.3 Use of resources in the apartments Electronic Heat allocation meters collects consumption units from each radiator, se picture 5.2. Since April the consumption units has been read from the evaporimeter on all the radiators in 5 selected apartments. The apartments have between 3 and 5 radiators depending of location and size. Below is a graph showing the consumption units in an apartment in Mozart Strasse 3 during. Heat consumption units [-] Heat consumption units for ap. 2 og 3 (balcony towards west) Heat consumption units [-] Heat consumption units from radiators - M3--5 Living room Kitchen Bathroom Room feb Figure 6.7: Heat consumption units for the radiators in apartment 5, first floor in Mozart Strasse 3 (M3--5). All the other monitored apartments show the same tendency as shown in figure 6.7, but the demands differ a lot between the different apartments. The energy demand in figure 6.7 is high in the living room and in the bedroom, but low in the kitchen and in the bathroom. This behaviour is considered quite normal. The total energy consumption for space heating, conceived by the consumption units has been added for all radiators in each apartment for the period April until January. The three graphs below show the total allocated consumption units for the heating demand for each apartment, depending on orientation of balcony. Heat consumption units [-] Heat consumption units for ap. og 5 (balcony towards south) 5 F2-3-2 F2-3-3 M3--2 M3--3 M3-7-2 M3-7-3 Figure 6.9: Total consumption units for heat allocation in apartments 2 and 3 with balconies towards west. Heat consumption units [-] Heat consumption units for ap. 4 (balcony towards east) F2-3-4 M3--4 M3-7-4 Figure 6.: Total consumption units for heat allocation in apartment 4 with balconies towards east. Unfortunately, the total energy demand for the whole building for has not yet been defined. This is the case for both buildings, and therefore the consumption units can not be converted to a specific energy demand in kwh. The graphs shows a large variation of energy demand between the apartments, both when looking at apartments where the balconies are faced to a certain direction and between all the monitored apartments, regardless of the direction of the balcony. It is therefore difficult to conclude any tendency on the tenants energy demand for space heating or to come with indications on the consequence of the glazed balconies. However, these data hopefully will be available at the EuroSun conference. F2-3- F2-3-5 M3-- M3--5 M3-7- M3-7-5 Figure 6.8: Total consumption units for heat allocation in apartments or 5 with balconies towards south.

8 6.4 Daylight conditions o measurements have been made yet, but they will be carried out in May. The results from the measurements will be presented at the EuroSun conference. Calculations made with the program Daylight have shown that the daylight levels can improve significantly. There have been made calculations in the living room in apartment 4 as shown in figure 6.. Energy [kwh] Solar collectors in Engelsby Supplementary heating Hot water use Solar yield feb Figure 6.3: Stacked bar chart showing the solar yield, use of domestic hot water and the supplementary heating. From figure 6.3 it is noticeable that the circulation loss is very high during the whole year. The use of domestic hot water is quite stable throughout the year. In the total yield from the solar collector system was 7, kwh, corresponding to 3% of the total energy demand for heating of domestic hot water. From the design phase an annual yield of 3% of the energy demand for heating hot water was expected. Thus the performance of the solar collector system is very satisfying. Figure 6.: Room in apartment 4 where calculations on the daylight level have been made. In figure 6.2 the results of the daylight calculations are shown. The supplementary heating is quite high due to high circulation and transmission losses, but this is difficult to avoid in multi-storey buildings if the tenants should have access to hot water immediately. 6.6 Outdoor climate The graphs below show the hourly values of climatic data that have been measured every minutes since medio March. The monitoring period shown in the graph below, ends at January, but monitoring will continue until May. Weather data - Engelsby - Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed Figure 6.2: Daylight levels in the livingroom in apartment 4, before reation (), after reation (2) and after reation with an extra window (3). In the lower right corner the colours of the different daylight levels are shown. 6.5 Active solar for domestic hot water From the solar collectors on the roof of Franz Schubert Hof 2 the following data, shown in the graph below, has been monitored in. Units [ C, %, m/s] Relative humidity Temperature Wind Speed Figure 6.4: Climatic data of the relative humidity, temperature and wind speed for.

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