> population growth. global population, now 6.4 billion, is still growing rapidly- currently by 76 million persons per year.

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1 United nation world population (projected) United nations population global population, now 6.4 billion, is still growing rapidly- currently by 76 million persons per year. by 2050, the united nations projects the world will add some 2.5 billion people, an amount equal to the world s total population in > population growth

2 urbanisation UNFPA : state of the world population 2004 > 50% world population living in cities 1% of the territory is urbanized 5% world population living in megacities 4 cities >100,000 inh 5 megacities (> 10 millions inh) 22 megacities 1550 venice, paris, lyon, naple tokyo, mumbai, lagos, dhaka sao paulo, karqachi mexico city, NY, jakarta, calcutta, dehli, metro manila, shanghai, LA, buenos aires, cairo, instanbul, bejijng; rio de janiero, osaka, tianjin, hyderbad, bangkok,... > u r b a n i s a t i o n

3 densities london inh.7/km² LA inh. / km² NY inh. / km² lagos inh./ km² the hague inh. / km² singapore inh./ km² vienna 3 592inh. / km² hong kong up to / km² shangai inh./ km² > inh / km²

4 densities housing - world densities population inhabitants / km² dwellings dwellings / ha (1 hectar: 10,000 m²) rooms plot ratio (pr) floor area per person nr of room/ ha built floor area / site area m² / person > d e n s i t i e s

5 densities NY, US 2,050 inh/km² > inh / km²

6 densities Houston, US 1,140 inh/km² > inh / km²

7 densities Caracas, Venezuela 16,266 inh/km² > inh / km²

8 densities Sun City, US? inh/km² > inh / km²

9 densities LA, US 2,729 inh/km² > inh / km²

10 densities Syracuse, US 864 inh/km² > inh / km²

11 densities Sao Paolo, Brasil 8,378 inh/km² > inh / km²

12 densities Singapore 9,593 inh/km² > inh / km²

13 densities Aberdeen,HK, HKSAR 82,169 inh/km² > inh / km²

14 densities javier mozas, aurora fernández per density. new collective housing a+t ediciones, spain other > dw / ha

15 available living space_overview VARIOUS CHINA shangai 4 m² / person UK 1953 social housing standards 17.3 m² / person MOSCOW m² / person JAPAN m² / person europe m² /person US m² / person > m²/ person

16 > sq km habitat maximum > s i n g a p o r e

17 global network - Singapore > g l o b a l n e t w o r k

18 max control laboratory max speed max density habitat maximum > parameters

19 habitat maximum > max speed

20 population growth over 40 years (vienna 2004 (paris singapore 1963 singapore km² / inh.) km² / inh.) c. 630 km² / inh c. 700 km² / inh habitat maximum > max density

21 s.forlati VARIOUS > m²/ person

22 the multinodal city, organised around the ring city concept, inbuilds the possibility of expansion, laying down the total infrastructure network, and subsequently gradually filling up the in-betweens > g r o w t h m o d e l

23 malay atap > t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s i n g

24 malay atap > t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s i n g

25 chinese shophouses COURTYARD PARTY WALL LIVING AREA SHOP-TRADE SPACE FIVE FOOT WAY CHINESE SHOPHOUSE > t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s i n g

26 chinese shophouses > t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s i n g

27 british bungalow - > t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s i n g

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29 housing development board (hdb) housing a nation singapore 1959 onwards various the program housing a nation, started in 1959, created 26 new towns, 1,000,000 new dwelling units, and a modernist landscape of dense blocks without confront, catering for the needs of 85% of today s population. the standard HDB block (housing development board) is based on a maximum height of 30 floor and a plot ratio of 2,8. a further intensification, with height up to 50 floors and plot ratios up to 8,5, is the planned future. >

30 density model housing development board high rise 79% medium rise 13% low rise 8% > density model

31 SINGAPORE S 26 NEW TOWNS

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33 urban fabrics chinese settlement malay village (kampong) > n e w t o w n s

34 hdb housing > hdb housing

35 hdb housing > hdb housing

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37 hdb housing multi generational family area of the access deck that can be incorporated > hdb housing

38 KY LIVING

39 hdb housing le corbusier 1952 voide decks in singapore > v o i d d e c k s

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41 prepared and levelled plots of prime land, next to most MRT stations, already connected to the necessary infrastructure, waiting for the next round of real estate demand and population growth > c o l o n i z a b l e v o i d s

42 singapore: housing distribution housing development board research and planning department estimated resident population in singapore estimated resident population living in HDB flats > 85%

43 singapore: housing distribution the choice, right from the beginning, has been to maximise the amount of square meters (which usually cannot be altered once the building is finished), while minimising the finishing and fixtures (which can be added later). as a result, today the concept, initially thought as strategy to provide as many units as possible, can be seen as an up to date model of customisable space, encouraged by the system of ownership instead of rent. flats change owners often. similarly to a discarded car or tool, they become second hand. their price will be valued according to the basic estimation of hdb. on top of that in the moment of selling the owner is free to add as much as he thinks the renovation he carried out on the flat is worth, and the buyer will negotiate accordingly. the new owner will consider further renovation, in a continuous reconfiguration process. > 85%

44 Ca

45 singapore: housing distribution the fundamental conditions to fulfil is being singaporean and married, or, alternatively, being single, but older than 35 years. the size of the apartment is left to the buyer choice and possibilities, and is not, for example, function of the family size. it is a very effective political tool, a singapore-style incentive for people to marry and create a family. family in singapore is not only the cellular family: if a couple decides to purchase a flat within a 1000 meters distance from the flat of either of their parents, they will obtain a discount up to 25% of the value. a system of subsidised loans is available, through the central provident fund, covering the estimated base value of the flat. while responding to the needs of most of the population, it is based on a socially useful set of buyers qualifications and life-stories, shut to homosexuals, younger people not wishing to marry, divorcees. it is a social engineering scenario where what is thought as the need of the collective comes before the individual. > 85%

46 singapore: housing distribution > 85%

47 housing development board sengkang new town singapore, 2002 sf SINGAPORE 2002: SENGKANG NEW TOWN > 85%

48 housing development board sengkang new town singapore, 2002 sf SINGAPORE 2002: SENGKANG NEW TOWN > 85%

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50 ARC duxton plain super high rise housing (1st prize) singapore, 2002 housing development board ARC: sky houses, flying green 2,5 ha in the middle of the city 50 levels 1,800 flats 6,000 people running track (26th floor) hill with view (roof) SINGAPORE 2002: SENGKANG NEW TOWN > super high rise

51 WOHA duxton plain super high rise housing (selected entry) singapore, 2002 housing development board WOHA sky villages floating greens SINGAPORE 2002: SENGKANG NEW TOWN > super high rise

52 pearl hill apartments singapore, c sf > h y b r i d s

53 singapore: housing distribution housing development board research and planning department estimated resident population in singapore estimated resident population living in HDB flats > 6 %

54 Condominium, pungol singapore, 2002 sf CONDOMINIUM > exclusivity > fencing >security guard > facilities swimming pools billiard rooms; shops > resort living > c o n d o m i n i u m

55 BAYWATER CONDOMINIUM

56 sf > density living

57 out of 100 people living in singapore today, 74 are singaporean, 7 are permanent residents, 19 are non-resident. in the last ten years the growth rate has been the highest since independence, almost half of it is due to the contribution of foreign workers, students and other foreigners that do no hold a permanent residence visa. the growth today is controlled at the, through immigration rules and incentives directed to attract an educated working force. in terms of planning it is a project of voids and long term timing, based on the capacity of anticipation. > population growth over 40 years

58 future what is globalisation? Some radical questions danilo zolo interviews ulrich beck confucian tradition, asian values, pluralism...the confucian tradition, with its parternalistic concept of power and its organic idea of society and family, offers the best ideological background to control the anarchical aspects of market economy and to overcome the disintegrating effects of Western individualism and liberalism position of Lee Kuan Yew, as reported by D. Zolo in what is globalisation? some radical questions > singapore s densified landscape

59 sf > a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g

60 densities in singapore the adoption of the air-condition is seen as one of the most influential innovation of the millennium, as it allows to achieve the same mental concentration and productivity of the temperate climates. indirectly, the same life style. the air-conditioned nation is designed first and foremost for the comfort of its inhabitants [ ] central control is the other hallmark the singapore climate is based on two climatic zones: the tropics, with its continuos summer, and an average daily maximum of 31 o c, and the air-conditioned zone, man made and controllable, with temperatures of approximately of 18/20 o c. air-conditioning is the design parameter adopted for most of the city: all the public buildings, public transport and most of the private ones (at least one dwelling out of two). it is an unquestioned precondition for a city made of interior spaces. [ > 85%

61 future safety controls not only the design of all public housing, but as well the design of the whole nation, in the attempt to reach 100% reliability. > s a f e t y

62 zaha hadid architects one-north masterplan singapore, zaha hadid architects in the recent years singapore has discovered that in order to maintain its economical success into the next phase, it has to re-enter into the equation the values of culture, free imagination, art, and creativity. in the knowledge-based economy the main ingredient is the individual initiative and independent thinking. in singapore individual and independent is a matter of national security, because it implies rethinking the whole system of top down, efficiency based control, as individual rights and creativity need to be given enough space. it is a paradoxical situation where the system recognises its need to loose control in order to keep control. > s u r v i v a l

63 ZAHA HADID: ONE-NORTH MASTERPLAN

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65 ZAHA HADID: ONE-NORTH MASTERPLAN EXISTING BUSINESS PARK 8:00 AM COMMERCIAL OFFICES RESIDENTIAL LIVE WORK HOTEL 14:00 AM EDUCATIONAL HERITAGE SITES OPEN SPACES 24:00 AM PARK

66 future what is globalisation? Some radical questions danilo zolo interviews ulrich beck... we could say that many parts of the the third world today show europe the image of its own future u. beck in what is globalisation? Some radical questions danilo zolo interview ulrich beck > f u t u r e