COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR AIR TIGHTNESS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR AIR TIGHTNESS"

Transcription

1 COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR AIR TIGHTNESS MEASURMENTS IN NEW FRENCH RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS B. Moujalled 1 ; F. Richieri 1 ; R. Carrié 2 ; A. Litvak 3. 1: CETE du Sud-Ouest, Rue Pierre Ramond, CS 60013, Saint-Médard-en-Jalles Cedex 2: INIVE, Lozenberg 7, BE-1932 Sint-Stevens-Woluwe 3: CDPEA, 58 rue Jean Duvert, Ecoparc, Le Fiducia, Blanquefort Cedex andres.litvak@cdpea.fr ABSTRACT With the increasing need for higher energy efficiency in buildings, thermal regulations are evolving toward more stringent rules in buildings at the European and national level. In France, new constructed buildings will have to comply with mandatory regulations that promote low-energy buildings from 2012 and positive-energy at the horizon of In this context, air tightness becomes a major performance issue in buildings. In fact, the part of heat loss due to air leakage in well insulated buildings becomes more important. Besides, air leakage can lead to cold draught and construction pathologies. The French thermal regulation sets a compliance scheme to guaranty good air tightness in new constructed buildings based on the evaluation of the overall building air tightness, through field measurements. However, there are often practical, technical and economical limitations to measure the global air tightness in large or multi-family buildings. In this case, building air tightness is evaluated through partial measurements in few apartments of the building using a sampling method. This method does not account for the leakages in the untested zones, including other apartments, halls, stairwells, etc. Actually, a research project (MININFIL) associating national institutions, research laboratories, resource centres and building professionals is conducted in France in order to enhance the knowledge on the air tightness and its impact on the energy performance in buildings, and to support building professionals to achieve much better envelope air tightness. MININFIL includes a campaign of air tightness measurements in ten residential buildings in order to identify the sampling methods that characterize the air tightness of a whole building through limited set of measurements in apartments, hall, stairway, etc. This paper presents a bibliographical review of the sampling methods followed by the measurement campaign that was carried out in ten new buildings. In each building, the air tightness was measured on the whole building and in each apartment of the building. The results have served to identify the typical air leakage paths, and the appropriate sampling method for the air tightness evaluation in large residential buildings. INTRODUCTION As recommended by the EPBD, the new French thermal regulation imposes that new constructed buildings must be low energy buildings from Different studies have shown that the impact of the infiltration losses becomes more important on the energy efficiency in the case of high performance buildings [1, 2]. Therefore, air tightness requirements have been included in the French regulation with an obligation for air tightness measurements in residential buildings, especially in multi-family buildings.

2 The European standard EN ISO [3] describes the measurement method of air permeability of buildings. This measurement is planned to be done on the whole building. In the case of multi-family buildings, there are often practical limitations to measure the air permeability of the whole building (main reasons: building is too large, floors are not connected with an internal airflow path, or very leaky elements in the stairway). For these buildings, the standard allows separate measurements on individual parts of the building; e.g. apartments of multi-family buildings can be measured individually. In many European countries, the measurement is done on a sample of apartments for practical and technical reasons. A sampling method is given to specify the sample size, the selection criteria, and the airtightness requirements for the sample. Walther [2] has presented a review of the different sampling methods in Europe. Table 1 gives the German, UK, and French methods. The French sampling method has been included in the EN ISO implementation guide [4]. Sampling Method Germany UK France (GA P50-824) Sample size At least 20% of the total number of apartments At least 20 % of the buildings envelope area = 3 apartments if the building has 30 units or less = 6 apartments otherwise Selection criteria Apartments located at the top, in-between and ground floor. Areas representative of the whole envelope construction. 1. Apartments with the largest length of floors and windows. AND 2. Apartments located at the top, in-between and ground floor. Extrapolation method for the whole building 1. The weighted average based on the volume must be lower than the limit value. 2. Air permeability of tested apartments can be 30% greater than the limit value. 1. Air permeability of tested apartments must be 10% smaller than the limit value. 2. No requirements for the whole building. 1. The weighted average based on the envelope area must be lower than the limit value. 2. No requirements for the tested apartments. Table 1: The sampling methods for the air tightness measurements in multi-family buildings. In France, the research project MININFIL has been conducted since 2008 in order to enhance the knowledge of professionals on the air tightness and its impact on the energy performance in buildings. Under the task 3 of the project, an extensive campaign of airtightness field measurements has been carried out in ten new multi-family buildings. In each building, the air tightness was measured for all the apartments and for the whole building. The results have enabled the evaluation of the sampling methods for the measurement of airtightness in mutifamily buildings. This paper presents the results of this work. METHOD The air permeability measurements have been realised with the fan pressurisation method according to the standard EN ISO [3] using Minneapolis Blower Door systems. The aim of the measurements is to identify separately the air permeability of each apartment, the common areas, and the whole building. Therefore, three types of air permeability measurements have been carried out in each building:

3 1. Individual measurements of each apartment of the building with a blower door positioned on the entrance door of the apartment. The entrance door of the building is fully opened. 2. A global measurement of the whole building, including leakages in apartments and common areas. This measurement is realised with a blower door using a single or double fans. The blower door is positioned on the entrance door of the building. The doors between apartments and common areas are fully opened 3. A measurement of the common areas. This measurement is similar to the previous, but this time the doors between apartments and common areas are closed, in order to eliminate the leakage in apartments from the measurement. This requires that the doors are air-tight. Table 2 presents the multi-family buildings characteristics. The number of apartments per building varies between 12 and 38, and the number of the levels between 2 and 7. The volume of buildings varies between 2365 m 3 and 5704 m 3, with 2 buildings larger than 4000 m 3. Building code B01 B02 B03* B04 B05* B06 B07 B08 B09 B10 # of levels # of flats Area (m²) Volume (m 3 ) Table 2: The description of the assessed buildings. The measurements have been done at the end of the building construction. All apartments were unoccupied, in order to facilitate the access to all the parts of the building. However, the global measurements of buildings B03* and B05* have been disturbed by the presence of workmen during the tests. The global measurements for these building will not be considered in the analysis. RESULTS In France, the air permeability (Q 4Pa-Surf ) is calculated as the ratio between the infiltration airflow rate at 4 Pa with the envelope area of the building except the floors area (A T bat ). The new thermal regulation sets the limit value required of air permeability to 1.0 m 3 /h/m 2 for the case of multi-family buildings. This value is based on the French low-energy building standard. In this paper, the results will be presented with the French air permeability indicator. The ten buildings represent a total of 208 apartments. For the individual measurements, more than half of the apartments (52%) show lower results than the limit value 1.0 m 3 /h/m 2. For the global measurement of the whole buildings, only three buildings (over eight) are lower than the limit value. The major part of the leakage in the apartments (40%) has occurred across the fenestration (joints at window sash, window sill, and shutter box), while 30% of the leakage occurs at the joints of hatch and ducts, and 25% across the electricity plugging. The leakage across the joints between walls and slabs are negligible. Figure 1 presents the results of the individual and global measurements for each building. We can observe that the individual measurements of air permeability are very heterogeneous between buildings, and between apartments in the same building in some cases. The buildings can be classified into two categories: Buildings B05*, B06, B07 and B08 having the global measurement and the individual measurements globally below the required limit value (1.0 m 3 /h/m 2 ). For these buildings, the individual measurements are uniform and vary in a narrow range.

4 For the other buildings, both the global measurement and the median of the individual measurements are greater than the limit value. The individual measurements in each building are very heterogeneous and vary in a wide range. In B09, the upper value of the individual measurements is almost ten times greater than the lower value. Figure 1: Box plot of the measured air permeability values in each building: the box lines indicate the statistic results of individual measurements and the red marks indicate the global measurement of the whole building in each case. The global measurements of B03* and B05*have been excluded. In order to evaluate the sampling methods, the GA P method has been tested and compared to the results of the measurements. Table 3 presents a comparison of the GA P method with other methods in terms of the sample size criterion. Only one building has a sample with more than 20% of the total number of apartments as required by the German method [2]. Whereas, 7 buildings have samples with more than 20% of the building envelope as required by the UK method. This can be explained by the fact that the selection criterion of the GA P method privileges the apartments with the largest envelope areas. Building code B01 B02 B03* B04 B05* B06 B07 B08 B09 B10 # of flats # of tested flats % of tested flats 18% 25% 18% 15% 19% 18% 18% 19% 16% 17% % of tested A T bat 20% 22% 22% 20% 29% 21% 18% 24% 19% 16% Table 3: Comparison of the GA P sampling method against the other methods. The left panel of Figure 2 presents a comparison between the weighted average air permeability of the sample of apartments and the weighted average of all the apartments for each building. For the buildings with uniform individual measurements lower than the limit value (B05*, B06, B07, and B08), the results of the samples are very close to those obtained with all the apartments. For the other buildings, the difference is more significant. This figure gives also the statistical values of the weighted average air permeability that can be obtained with the different possible random samples of apartments for each building. The

5 random samples are selected according to the required size of the sampling method with the apartments being at the top, in-between and ground floors. The median values are globally close to the weighted average of all the apartments. For buildings B01, B02, B04, B09 and B10, the difference between the minimal and maximal values that can be obtained with a random sample is very important. The minimal values can be as low as the half of all the apartments in the case of B10. The sample size and the selection criterion are critical for the sampling method. Figure 2: Comparison of the weighted average air permeability of the samples of apartments against the weighted average air permeability of all apartments on the left panel, and against the global measurement of whole building on the right panel. The GA P method evaluates the air permeability of the whole building through the weighted average of the sample of apartments. Besides it doesn t impose any requirement on the individual measurements. The use of a selection criterion is important to guarantee that the air permeability of the sample is at least equivalent to all the apartments. The GA P method uses the ratio of the length of floor and windows per unit of floor area as a selection criterion. The method selects the apartments with the largest value of this ratio, as they are considered to be potentially the leakiest apartments. Figure 3 shows on the right panel the variation of the air leakage rates at 4 Pa against this ratio. As we can see, there is no correlation between these two parameters, and besides the air leakage rate shows a decreasing tendency with this ratio. The correlation is more significant with the envelope area as we can see on the right panel of figure 3. The envelope area seems to bee more relevant as a selection criterion than the ratio of the length of floor and windows per unit of floor area. Now we will compare the results of individual measurements against the global measurement. The right panel of Figure 2 presents the comparison of the weighted average air permeability of the samples of apartments (the sample of GA P method, and the sample of all the apartments) against the global measurement of the whole building. For both samples, the weighted average air permeability of apartments is always lower than the air permeability of the whole building as it doesn t account for the leakage in the common areas caused by the lift shaft, the parking basement and other shafts and hatches. The greatest difference was found in the case of buildings B08, B09 and B10 with lift shaft and basement parking in the common areas.

6 Figure 3: The variation of the measured air leakage rates at 4 Pa as a function of the sampling criteria (the GA P sampling criteria on the left panel and the envelope area excluding floor on the right panel). CONCLUSION A detailed campaign of air permeability measurements has been carried out in ten multifamily buildings in France. For each building, the air permeability of individual apartments and the whole building have been measured, and the sampling method of the implementation guide GA P has been evaluated. The results showed that the sampling method gives good results only in the case of buildings with uniform individual measurements. The method is as good as a random sampling. Nevertheless, in the case of buildings with heterogeneous individual measurements, the result of a random sampling varies in a very wide range. The selection criterion of the GA P sampling method doesn t identify the apartments with greater risk of leakage. The use of another criterion based on the envelope area can be more relevant. The results have shown that the leakage in the common areas are significant and can have an important impact on the air permeability of the whole building in the case of common areas with lift shaft and basement parking. These leakages should be considered in the measurement method if it extrapolates the individual measurements to the whole buildings. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been conducted under the task 3 of the research project MININFIL that is financed by the French Mininstry of Housing and the French Agency for the Energy Efficiency and the Environment ADEME. REFERENCES 1. Erhorn-Kluttig, H, Erhorn, H, Lahmidi, H: Airthightness requirements for high performance building envelopes. ASIEPI information paper #157, Walther, W, Rosenthal, B: Airtightness testing of large multi-family buildings in an energy performance regulation context. ASIEPI information paper #165, NF EN : February Thermal performance of buildings - Determination of air permeability of buildings - Fan pressurization method. 4. GA P : February 2010 Thermal performance of Buildings Implementation guide for NF EN : 2001.

The Impact of Using. Market-Value to Replacement-Cost. Ratios on Housing Insurance in Toledo Neighborhoods

The Impact of Using. Market-Value to Replacement-Cost. Ratios on Housing Insurance in Toledo Neighborhoods The Impact of Using Market-Value to Replacement-Cost Ratios on Housing Insurance in Toledo Neighborhoods February 12, 1999 Urban Affairs Center The University of Toledo Toledo, OH 43606-3390 Prepared by

More information

Dwelling air-tightness in a 55 years old estate

Dwelling air-tightness in a 55 years old estate Dwelling air-tightness in a 55 years old estate H. Hens Prof. Em. K.U.Leuven Department of Civil Engineering Section of Building Physics BPh_Consult bvba Outline The estate Energy consumption Air-tightness

More information

NFPA (2012). In a high-rise building, stairwell pressurization systems typically utilize multiple fans distributed over the height of the stair, a duc

NFPA (2012). In a high-rise building, stairwell pressurization systems typically utilize multiple fans distributed over the height of the stair, a duc Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Pressurization System in a High-Rise Building with Stairwell Compartmentation B. Hepguzel 1,* 1 Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University,

More information

Housing affordability in England and Wales: 2018

Housing affordability in England and Wales: 2018 Statistical bulletin Housing affordability in England and Wales: 2018 Brings together data on house prices and annual earnings to calculate affordability ratios for national and subnational geographies

More information

Rents in private social housing

Rents in private social housing Rents in private social housing Mary Ann Stamsø Department of Built Environment and Social Science Norwegian Building Research Institute P.O. Box 123 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway Summary This paper discuss

More information

The effect of the wind speed velocity on the stack pressure in medium-rise buildings in cold region of China

The effect of the wind speed velocity on the stack pressure in medium-rise buildings in cold region of China ARTICLE IN PRESS Building and Environment 42 (27) 181 188 www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv The effect of the wind speed velocity on the stack pressure in medium-rise buildings in cold region of China Maatouk

More information

Rockwall CAD. Basics of. Appraising Property. For. Property Taxation

Rockwall CAD. Basics of. Appraising Property. For. Property Taxation Rockwall CAD Basics of Appraising Property For Property Taxation ROCKWALL CENTRAL APPRAISAL DISTRICT 841 Justin Rd. Rockwall, Texas 75087 972-771-2034 Fax 972-771-6871 Introduction Rockwall Central Appraisal

More information

Stat 301 Exam 2 November 5, 2013 INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully and completely. Answer each question and show work in the space provided.

Stat 301 Exam 2 November 5, 2013 INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully and completely. Answer each question and show work in the space provided. Stat 301 Exam 2 November 5, 2013 Name: INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully and completely. Answer each question and show work in the space provided. Partial credit will not be given if work is not

More information

MULTIFAMILY WEATHERIZATION FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

MULTIFAMILY WEATHERIZATION FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS MULTIFAMILY WEATHERIZATION FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1. How do Grantees define a multifamily building? It depends. There is not one all-encompassing definition for multifamily buildings and how they are

More information

Available online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 78 (2015 )

Available online at  ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 78 (2015 ) Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 78 (2015 ) 1218 1223 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015 Air pressure difference between indoor and outdoor

More information

A STUDY ON AN ESTIMATION METHOD OF THE EFFECTIVE OPENING AREA OF ENTRANCE DOORS AND WINTER AIRFLOW RATE INTO ATRIUM BUILDINGS

A STUDY ON AN ESTIMATION METHOD OF THE EFFECTIVE OPENING AREA OF ENTRANCE DOORS AND WINTER AIRFLOW RATE INTO ATRIUM BUILDINGS A STUDY ON AN ESTIMATION METHOD OF THE EFFECTIVE OPENING AREA OF ENTRANCE DOORS AND WINTER AIRFLOW RATE INTO ATRIUM BUILDINGS Kimiko Kohri Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University Utsunomiya

More information

How to implement a mandatory inspection in accordance with European directives: The example of certified workshops

How to implement a mandatory inspection in accordance with European directives: The example of certified workshops How to implement a mandatory inspection in accordance with European directives: The example of certified workshops Polvêche, V. GIP Pulves, 341 Montpellier, France DOI 10.5073/jka.2012.439.007 Introduction

More information

Measuring Air Change Rates using the PFT Technique in Residential Buildings in Northern Portugal

Measuring Air Change Rates using the PFT Technique in Residential Buildings in Northern Portugal Measuring Air Change Rates using the PFT Technique in Residential Buildings in Northern Portugal M Pinto 1 V P de Freitas 2 H Stymne and C A Boman 4 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Viseu Polytechnic

More information

Residential Air Leakage Testing and Mechanical Ventilation Verification

Residential Air Leakage Testing and Mechanical Ventilation Verification Residential Air Leakage Testing and Mechanical Ventilation Verification FSEC-CR-2082-18 DRAFT Final Report June 1, 2018 Submitted to Mo Madani Department of Business and Professional Development 2601 Blair

More information

Washington Department of Revenue Property Tax Division. Valid Sales Study Kitsap County 2015 Sales for 2016 Ratio Year.

Washington Department of Revenue Property Tax Division. Valid Sales Study Kitsap County 2015 Sales for 2016 Ratio Year. P. O. Box 47471 Olympia, WA 98504-7471. Washington Department of Revenue Property Tax Division Valid Sales Study Kitsap County 2015 Sales for 2016 Ratio Year Sales from May 1, 2014 through April 30, 2015

More information

Residential Air Leakage Testing and Mechanical Ventilation Verification

Residential Air Leakage Testing and Mechanical Ventilation Verification Residential Air Leakage Testing and Mechanical Ventilation Verification FSEC-CR-2082-18 Final Report June 15, 2018 Submitted to Mo Madani Department of Business and Professional Development 2601 Blair

More information

Ashland Transit Triangle:

Ashland Transit Triangle: Ashland Transit Triangle: Strategic Approach to Implementation Fregonese Associates Inc. 12/19/16 Phase I of the Transit Triangle Study Conducted in the Fall of 2015 Tasks Completed: Market analysis Initial

More information

Past & Present Adjustments & Parcel Count Section... 13

Past & Present Adjustments & Parcel Count Section... 13 Assessment 2017 Report This report includes specific information regarding the 2017 assessment as well as general information about both the appeals and assessment processes. Contents Introduction... 3

More information

Introduction. Bruce Munneke, S.A.M.A. Washington County Assessor. 3 P a g e

Introduction. Bruce Munneke, S.A.M.A. Washington County Assessor. 3 P a g e Assessment 2016 Report This report includes specific information regarding the 2016 assessment as well as general information about both the appeals and assessment processes. Contents Introduction... 3

More information

Maratonvägen 36. Project summary. Energy concept: To achieve a substantial reduction of the energy losses.

Maratonvägen 36. Project summary. Energy concept: To achieve a substantial reduction of the energy losses. Maratonvägen 36 Project summary Energy concept: To achieve a substantial reduction of the energy losses. Background for the renovation reasons The aim was to combine a maintenance renovation with a reduction

More information

Technical Description of the Freddie Mac House Price Index

Technical Description of the Freddie Mac House Price Index Technical Description of the Freddie Mac House Price Index 1. Introduction Freddie Mac publishes the monthly index values of the Freddie Mac House Price Index (FMHPI SM ) each quarter. Index values are

More information

Energy variations in apartment buildings due to different shape factors and relative size of common areas

Energy variations in apartment buildings due to different shape factors and relative size of common areas Energy variations in apartment buildings due to different shape factors and relative size of common areas I. Danielski * Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden * Corresponding author. Tel: +46 (0)63

More information

Chapter 35. The Appraiser's Sales Comparison Approach INTRODUCTION

Chapter 35. The Appraiser's Sales Comparison Approach INTRODUCTION Chapter 35 The Appraiser's Sales Comparison Approach INTRODUCTION The most commonly used appraisal technique is the sales comparison approach. The fundamental concept underlying this approach is that market

More information

Large Building Air Leakage Testing

Large Building Air Leakage Testing Large Building Air Leakage Testing Page 1 of 7 Large Building Air Leakage Testing Although the test is relatively quick to perform, testing large building differs from testing residential houses in that

More information

Housing Needs Survey Report. Arlesey

Housing Needs Survey Report. Arlesey Housing Needs Survey Report Arlesey August 2015 Completed by Bedfordshire Rural Communities Charity This report is the joint property of Central Bedfordshire Council and Arlesey Parish Council. For further

More information

An Assessment of Current House Price Developments in Germany 1

An Assessment of Current House Price Developments in Germany 1 An Assessment of Current House Price Developments in Germany 1 Florian Kajuth 2 Thomas A. Knetsch² Nicolas Pinkwart² Deutsche Bundesbank 1 Introduction House prices in Germany did not experience a noticeable

More information

UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY. Serviced Accommodation Annual Report May the research solution

UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY. Serviced Accommodation Annual Report May the research solution UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY Serviced Accommodation Annual Report 2016 May 2017 the research solution INTRODUCTION This report presents a summary of the main findings from the UK Occupancy Survey for

More information

M A N N E S M A N N A.S / REAL ESTATE AND PROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT Bodrum/MUĞLA

M A N N E S M A N N A.S / REAL ESTATE AND PROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT Bodrum/MUĞLA M A N N E S M A N N A.S. 2018 / 2019 REAL ESTATE AND PROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT Bodrum/MUĞLA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The property subject to appraisal and its use: The real estate of land type without any building

More information

How Severe is the Housing Shortage in Hong Kong?

How Severe is the Housing Shortage in Hong Kong? (Reprinted from HKCER Letters, Vol. 42, January, 1997) How Severe is the Housing Shortage in Hong Kong? Y.C. Richard Wong Introduction Rising property prices in Hong Kong have been of great public concern

More information

Where rivers connect

Where rivers connect Air tightness investigation of rooms from the point of view of energy and comfort Dr. László Fülöp Department of HVAC Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Pécs, Hungary fulopl@pmmf.hu

More information

SURVEY OF LAND AND REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REGIONAL REPORT: IRKUTSK OBLAST

SURVEY OF LAND AND REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REGIONAL REPORT: IRKUTSK OBLAST Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Foreign Investment Advisory Service, a joint service of the International Finance Corporation

More information

Content. An Introduction to FmK ECOHomes

Content. An Introduction to FmK ECOHomes An Introduction to FmK ECOHomes The FmK ECOHomes Range are designed to suit every client s need, for any site, on any location. FmK ECOHomes are specialists in the Design and Build of Low Energy and Passive

More information

High-Rise Fire Sample Scenario with Stairwell Pressurization by Steve Kerber Fire Engineering Simulation

High-Rise Fire Sample Scenario with Stairwell Pressurization by Steve Kerber Fire Engineering Simulation High-Rise Fire Sample Scenario with Stairwell Pressurization by Steve Kerber Fire Engineering Simulation This sample simulation utilizes multiple points of view to accomplish fire knockdown and stairwell

More information

Initial sales ratio to determine the current overall level of value. Number of sales vacant and improved, by neighborhood.

Initial sales ratio to determine the current overall level of value. Number of sales vacant and improved, by neighborhood. Introduction The International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO) defines the market approach: In its broadest use, it might denote any valuation procedure intended to produce an estimate of market

More information

SURVEY OF LAND AND REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REGIONAL REPORT: NOVGOROD OBLAST

SURVEY OF LAND AND REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REGIONAL REPORT: NOVGOROD OBLAST Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Foreign Investment Advisory Service, a joint service of the International Finance Corporation

More information

2013 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Metro Indianapolis Report

2013 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Metro Indianapolis Report Prepared for: Metro Indianapolis Board of REALTORS Prepared by: Research Division December 2013 Table of Contents Introduction... 2 Highlights... 3 Conclusion... 6 Methodology..7 Report Prepared by: Jessica

More information

Operational Costs. Introduction. Operational Costs in Germany. Jordan Milewicz,

Operational Costs. Introduction. Operational Costs in Germany. Jordan Milewicz, Operational Costs Jordan Milewicz, Introduction Operational Costs in Germany In Germany, basically all costs of a property have to be met by the owner of the property. The owner has the possibility of

More information

General Market Analysis and Highest & Best Use. Learning Objectives

General Market Analysis and Highest & Best Use. Learning Objectives General Market Analysis and Highest & Best Use Learning Objectives Module & Title Module 1 Real Estate Markets and Analysis Module 2 Types and Levels of Market Analysis Module 3 The Six-Step Process and

More information

MARKHAM. City of. Comprehensive Zoning By-law Project. Task 4b. Review and Assessment of Minor Variances

MARKHAM. City of. Comprehensive Zoning By-law Project. Task 4b. Review and Assessment of Minor Variances Appendix E City of MARKHAM ra ft Comprehensive Zoning By-law Project Task 4b. Review and Assessment of Minor Variances D January 22, 2014 Markham Zoning By-law Consultant Team Gladki Planning Associates,

More information

DEMAND FR HOUSING IN PROVINCE OF SINDH (PAKISTAN)

DEMAND FR HOUSING IN PROVINCE OF SINDH (PAKISTAN) 19 Pakistan Economic and Social Review Volume XL, No. 1 (Summer 2002), pp. 19-34 DEMAND FR HOUSING IN PROVINCE OF SINDH (PAKISTAN) NUZHAT AHMAD, SHAFI AHMAD and SHAUKAT ALI* Abstract. The paper is an analysis

More information

Elements for an acoustic classification of dwellings and apartment buildings in France C. Guigou-Carter, R. Wetta, R. Foret, J.-B.

Elements for an acoustic classification of dwellings and apartment buildings in France C. Guigou-Carter, R. Wetta, R. Foret, J.-B. Elements for an acoustic classification of dwellings and apartment buildings in France C. Guigou-Carter, R. Wetta, R. Foret, J.-B. Chéné CSTB Acoustics 2012 Nantes, France PAGE 1 Introduction The goal

More information

Study of the energy performance of Korean apartment buildings with alternative balcony configurations

Study of the energy performance of Korean apartment buildings with alternative balcony configurations University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences 2008 Study of the energy performance of Korean

More information

Use of Comparables. Claims Prevention Bulletin [CP-17-E] March 1996

Use of Comparables. Claims Prevention Bulletin [CP-17-E] March 1996 March 1996 The use of comparables arises almost daily for all appraisers. especially those engaged in residential practice, where appraisals are being prepared for mortgage underwriting purposes. That

More information

World Renewable Energy Congress (WRECX) Editor A. Sayigh 2008 WREC. All rights reserved. 822

World Renewable Energy Congress (WRECX) Editor A. Sayigh 2008 WREC. All rights reserved. 822 World Renewable Energy Congress (WRECX) Editor A. Sayigh 2008 WREC. All rights reserved. 822 Study of the Energy Performance of Korean Apartment Buildings with Alternative Balcony Configurations Joe Clarke

More information

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS NOVEMBER 2016 STANDARD 4 Requirements STANDARD 5 INTANGIBLE ASSETS INTRODUCTION... 75 I. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT S SPECIALISED ASSETS... 75 I.1. The collection of sovereign

More information

Performance of the Private Rental Market in Northern Ireland

Performance of the Private Rental Market in Northern Ireland Summary Research Report July - December Performance of the Private Rental Market in Northern Ireland Research Report July - December 1 Northern Ireland Rental Index: Issue No. 8 Disclaimer This report

More information

2011 ASSESSMENT RATIO REPORT

2011 ASSESSMENT RATIO REPORT 2011 Ratio Report SECTION I OVERVIEW 2011 ASSESSMENT RATIO REPORT The Department of Assessments and Taxation appraises real property for the purposes of property taxation. Properties are valued using

More information

Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(5)/ Vol.(25): 2017

Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(5)/ Vol.(25): 2017 Developing a Relationship Between Land Use and Parking Demand for The Center of The Holy City of Karbala Zahraa Kadhim Neamah Shakir Al-Busaltan Zuhair Al-jwahery University of Kerbala, College of Engineering

More information

A Quantitative Approach to Gentrification: Determinants of Gentrification in U.S. Cities,

A Quantitative Approach to Gentrification: Determinants of Gentrification in U.S. Cities, A Quantitative Approach to Gentrification: Determinants of Gentrification in U.S. Cities, 1970-2010 Richard W. Martin, Department of Insurance, Legal, Studies, and Real Estate, Terry College of Business,

More information

History & Theory Architecture II

History & Theory Architecture II SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC History & Theory Architecture II Utopia Dystopia Sonia Vimal Kumar DARCH/2A/03/FT P0906963 09/06/2010 Essay Topic: Compare and contrast Le Corbusier s ideas of Contemporary City with

More information

Keywords: criteria of economic efficiency, governance, land stock, land payment, land tax, leasehold payment, leasehold

Keywords: criteria of economic efficiency, governance, land stock, land payment, land tax, leasehold payment, leasehold Article DOI: http://doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.250 CRITERIA OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF LAND STOCK MANAGEMENT Edited by prof. Asta Raupelienė ISSN 1822-3230 / eissn 2345-0916 eisbn 978-609-449-128-3 Gabibulla

More information

Passive Cooling Measures for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings

Passive Cooling Measures for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings REPORT Passive Cooling Measures for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings Vancouver, BC Presented to: Patrick Enright, P.Eng., LEED AP BD+C City of Vancouver Report No. 5161088 April 11, 2017 M:\PROJ\5161088\8.

More information

IREDELL COUNTY 2015 APPRAISAL MANUAL

IREDELL COUNTY 2015 APPRAISAL MANUAL STATISTICS AND THE APPRAISAL PROCESS INTRODUCTION Statistics offer a way for the appraiser to qualify many of the heretofore qualitative decisions which he has been forced to use in assigning values. In

More information

GENERAL ASSESSMENT DEFINITIONS

GENERAL ASSESSMENT DEFINITIONS 21st Century Appraisals, Inc. GENERAL ASSESSMENT DEFINITIONS Ad Valorem tax. A tax levied in proportion to the value of the thing(s) being taxed. Exclusive of exemptions, use-value assessment laws, and

More information

Chapter III THE HOUSING STOCK

Chapter III THE HOUSING STOCK Chapter III THE HOUSING STOCK Total housing stock A. Supply of housing According to official statistics, the housing stock of the Russian Federation stood, at the beginning of 2003, at more than 2 850

More information

Indoor climate of an unheated apartment and its impact on the heat consumption of adjacent apartments

Indoor climate of an unheated apartment and its impact on the heat consumption of adjacent apartments Indoor climate of an unheated apartment and its impact on the heat consumption of adjacent apartments TEET-ANDRUS KÕIV, ANTI HAMBURG, MARTIN THALFELDT, JEVGENI FADEJEV Department of Environmental Engineering

More information

STEVEN J. DREW Assessor OFFICE OF THE ASSESSOR Service, Integrity, Fairness, Internationally Recognized for Excellence

STEVEN J. DREW Assessor OFFICE OF THE ASSESSOR Service, Integrity, Fairness, Internationally Recognized for Excellence STEVEN J. DREW Assessor OFFICE OF THE ASSESSOR Service, Integrity, Fairness, Internationally Recognized for Excellence OVERVIEW OF RESIDENTIAL APPRAISAL PROCESS And Cost Valuation Report Introduction The

More information

Available online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 78 (2015 )

Available online at   ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 78 (2015 ) Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 78 (2015 ) 2790 2795 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015 Variability assessment of thermal comfort in a retrofitted

More information

UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY. Serviced Accommodation Summary Report March the research solution

UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY. Serviced Accommodation Summary Report March the research solution UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY Serviced Accommodation Summary Report March 2014 the research solution UK OCCUPANCY SURVEY This study has been commissioned by the National Boards of England, and Scotland

More information

ELECTRICAL LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERINSULATED MULTIFAMILY HOUSING: A CASE STUDY

ELECTRICAL LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERINSULATED MULTIFAMILY HOUSING: A CASE STUDY INTRODUCTION ELECTRICAL LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERINSULATED MULTIFAMILY HOUSING: A CASE STUDY Robert Stephens, Chris Robertson City Water, Light and Power Fred J. Fleury, M.D. Orchard Park Management

More information

UK OCCUPANCY SURVEY FOR SERVICED ACCOMMODATION JANUARY 2011

UK OCCUPANCY SURVEY FOR SERVICED ACCOMMODATION JANUARY 2011 Occupancy () UK OCCUPANCY SURVEY FOR SERVICED ACCOMMODATION Commissioned by the National Tourist Boards of England, Northern Ireland and Scotland and by Visit Wales (part of the Welsh Assembly Government)

More information

1. Introduction and reading guide Purpose of the inspection The inspection period Requirements for the inspection...

1. Introduction and reading guide Purpose of the inspection The inspection period Requirements for the inspection... Edvard Thomsens Vej 14 2300 København S Telefon 7221 8800 Fax 7262 6790 GDV@tbst.dk www.trafikstyrelsen.dk Inspection guidelines version 3.2 Content 1. Introduction and reading guide... 2 1.1 Purpose of

More information

An Examination of Potential Changes in Ratio Measurements Historical Cost versus Fair Value Measurement in Valuing Tangible Operational Assets

An Examination of Potential Changes in Ratio Measurements Historical Cost versus Fair Value Measurement in Valuing Tangible Operational Assets An Examination of Potential Changes in Ratio Measurements Historical Cost versus Fair Value Measurement in Valuing Tangible Operational Assets Pamela Smith Baker Texas Woman s University A fictitious property

More information

Australian home size hits 20-year low

Australian home size hits 20-year low Australian home size hits 20-year low CommSec Home Size Trends Report Economics November 17 2017 The average floor size of an Australian home (houses and apartments) has fallen to a 20-year low. Data commissioned

More information

The role of policy in influencing differences between countries in the size of the private rented housing sector Professor Michael Oxley 26/2/14

The role of policy in influencing differences between countries in the size of the private rented housing sector Professor Michael Oxley 26/2/14 The role of policy in influencing differences between countries in the size of the private rented housing sector Professor Michael Oxley 26/2/14. 1 Introduction Comparative studies of rented housing

More information

STEVEN J. DREW Assessor OFFICE OF THE ASSESSOR Service, Integrity, Fairness, Internationally Recognized for Excellence

STEVEN J. DREW Assessor OFFICE OF THE ASSESSOR Service, Integrity, Fairness, Internationally Recognized for Excellence STEVEN J. DREW Assessor OFFICE OF THE ASSESSOR Service, Integrity, Fairness, Internationally Recognized for Excellence OVERVIEW OF RESIDENTIAL APPRAISAL PROCESS And Cost Valuation Report Introduction The

More information

The IRAM Web app. Description of the internet application of the Integrated Risk Assessment Method (IRAM)

The IRAM Web app. Description of the internet application of the Integrated Risk Assessment Method (IRAM) The IRAM Web app Description of the internet application of the Integrated Risk Assessment Method (IRAM) https://www.fms.nrw.de/lip/authenticate.do The internet application of the Integrated-Risk-Assessment-Method

More information

The future development of Post War Single-Family Housing Estates in Germany

The future development of Post War Single-Family Housing Estates in Germany At the crossroads: The future development of Post War Single-Family Housing Estates in Germany Andrea Berndgen-Kaiser, Dipl.-Ing. Architect, Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development London,

More information

On Smoke Control by Pressurization in Stairwells and Elevator Shafts

On Smoke Control by Pressurization in Stairwells and Elevator Shafts On Smoke Control by Pressurization in Stairwells and Elevator Shafts Dr. Richard S. Miller anddr.donbeasley Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson, SC 29634-0921 August 8, 08 Ph:

More information

Residential Real Estate, Demographics, and the Economy

Residential Real Estate, Demographics, and the Economy Residential Real Estate, Demographics, and the Economy Presented to: Regional & Community Bankers Conference Yolanda K. Kodrzycki Senior Economist and Policy Advisor Federal Reserve Bank of Boston October

More information

ASSESSORS ANSWER FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT REAL PROPERTY Assessors Office, 37 Main Street

ASSESSORS ANSWER FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT REAL PROPERTY Assessors Office, 37 Main Street A. THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS: ASSESSORS ANSWER FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT REAL PROPERTY Assessors Office, 37 Main Street What is mass appraisal? Assessors must value all real and personal property in

More information

Australian home size hits 22-year low

Australian home size hits 22-year low Australian home size hits 22-year low CommSec Home Size Trends Report Economics November 16 2018 The average floor size of an Australian home (houses and apartments) has fallen to a 22-year low. Data commissioned

More information

Policy Choices to Promote and Support Energy Efficiency in Housing Buildings. Claude Taffin (DINAMIC) Washington D.C., May

Policy Choices to Promote and Support Energy Efficiency in Housing Buildings. Claude Taffin (DINAMIC) Washington D.C., May Policy Choices to Promote and Support Energy Efficiency in Housing Buildings Claude Taffin (DINAMIC) Washington D.C., May 29 2014 What is DINAMIC? A demanding acronym that means: Development of Notaries

More information

On Smoke Control by Pressurization in Stairwells and Elevator Shafts

On Smoke Control by Pressurization in Stairwells and Elevator Shafts On Smoke Control by Pressurization in Stairwells and Elevator Shafts Dr. Richard S. Miller anddr.donbeasley Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson, SC 29634-0921 August 8, 08 Ph:

More information

Earls Barton. Rural Housing Survey. Authors: A Miles & S Butterworth Date: October 2012

Earls Barton. Rural Housing Survey. Authors: A Miles & S Butterworth Date: October 2012 Earls Barton Rural Housing Survey Authors: A Miles & S Butterworth Date: October 2012 Swanspool House, Doddington Road, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, NN8 1BP Tel: 01933 229777 DX 12865 www.wellingborough.gov.uk

More information

Economic and monetary developments

Economic and monetary developments Box 4 House prices and the rent component of the HICP in the euro area According to the residential property price indicator, euro area house prices decreased by.% year on year in the first quarter of

More information

The impact of the global financial crisis on selected aspects of the local residential property market in Poland

The impact of the global financial crisis on selected aspects of the local residential property market in Poland The impact of the global financial crisis on selected aspects of the local residential property market in Poland DARIUSZ PĘCHORZEWSKI Szczecińskie Centrum Renowacyjne ul. Księcia Bogusława X 52/2, 70-440

More information

Sales Ratio: Alternative Calculation Methods

Sales Ratio: Alternative Calculation Methods For Discussion: Summary of proposals to amend State Board of Equalization sales ratio calculations June 3, 2010 One of the primary purposes of the sales ratio study is to measure how well assessors track

More information

Compatible-Scale Infill Housing (R-2 Zones) Project

Compatible-Scale Infill Housing (R-2 Zones) Project Project Scope: A targeted amendment to the regulations for building bulk/height in the R-2 zones. Objectives: Allow more housing opportunities in the R-2A, R-2D, and R-2M zones, while ensuring the height

More information

A. K. Alexandridis University of Kent. D. Karlis Athens University of Economics and Business. D. Papastamos Eurobank Property Services S.A.

A. K. Alexandridis University of Kent. D. Karlis Athens University of Economics and Business. D. Papastamos Eurobank Property Services S.A. Real Estate Valuation And Forecasting In Nonhomogeneous Markets: A Case Study In Greece During The Financial Crisis A. K. Alexandridis University of Kent D. Karlis Athens University of Economics and Business.

More information

Heathrow Expansion. Land Acquisition and Compensation Policies. Interim Property Hardship Scheme. Policy Terms

Heathrow Expansion. Land Acquisition and Compensation Policies. Interim Property Hardship Scheme. Policy Terms 1 Introduction Heathrow Expansion Land Acquisition and Compensation Policies Interim Property Hardship Scheme Policy Terms 1.1 This document sets out the terms of the Interim Property Hardship Scheme (the

More information

Chapter 13. The Market Approach to Value

Chapter 13. The Market Approach to Value Chapter 13 The Market Approach to Value 11/22/2005 FIN4777 - Special Topics in Real Estate - Professor Rui Yao 1 Introduction Definition: An approach to estimating market value of a subject property by

More information

D DAVID PUBLISHING. Mass Valuation and the Implementation Necessity of GIS (Geographic Information System) in Albania

D DAVID PUBLISHING. Mass Valuation and the Implementation Necessity of GIS (Geographic Information System) in Albania Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 9 (2015) 1506-1512 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2015.12.012 D DAVID PUBLISHING Mass Valuation and the Implementation Necessity of GIS (Geographic Elfrida Shehu

More information

UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY. Serviced Accommodation Summary Report April the research solution

UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY. Serviced Accommodation Summary Report April the research solution UNITED KINGDOM OCCUPANCY SURVEY Serviced Accommodation Summary Report April 2017 the research solution OCCUPANCY SURVEY This study has been commissioned by the National Boards of England, Ireland and Scotland

More information

The private rented housing sector: The UK and ideas from other countries

The private rented housing sector: The UK and ideas from other countries The private rented housing sector: The UK and ideas from other countries Social Market Foundation Seminar Thursday 23 rd March 2017 Professor Michael Oxley Director, Cambridge Centre for Housing Planning

More information

Metro Boston Perfect Fit Parking Initiative

Metro Boston Perfect Fit Parking Initiative Metro Boston Perfect Fit Parking Initiative Phase 1 Technical Memo Report by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council February 2017 1 About MAPC The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) is the regional

More information

Is there a conspicuous consumption effect in Bucharest housing market?

Is there a conspicuous consumption effect in Bucharest housing market? Is there a conspicuous consumption effect in Bucharest housing market? Costin CIORA * Abstract: Real estate market could have significant difference between the behavior of buyers and sellers. The recent

More information

A statistical system for. Residential Property Price Indices. David Fenwick

A statistical system for. Residential Property Price Indices. David Fenwick A statistical system for Residential Property Price Indices Eurostat IAOS IFC Conference on Residential Property Price Indices Hosted by the Bank for International Settlements 11-12 November 2009, Basle

More information

White Paper of Manuel Jahn, Head of Real Estate Consulting GfK GeoMarketing. Hamburg, March page 1 of 6

White Paper of Manuel Jahn, Head of Real Estate Consulting GfK GeoMarketing. Hamburg, March page 1 of 6 White Paper of Manuel Jahn, Head of Real Estate Consulting GfK GeoMarketing Hamburg, March 2012 page 1 of 6 The misunderstanding Despite a very robust 2011 in terms of investment transaction volume and

More information

Residential New Construction Attitude and Awareness Baseline Study

Residential New Construction Attitude and Awareness Baseline Study Residential New Construction Attitude and Awareness Baseline Study Real Estate Appraiser Survey Report on Findings Prepared for the New Jersey Residential New Construction Working Group January 2001 Roper

More information

Assessment-To-Sales Ratio Study for Division III Equalization Funding: 1999 Project Summary. State of Delaware Office of the Budget

Assessment-To-Sales Ratio Study for Division III Equalization Funding: 1999 Project Summary. State of Delaware Office of the Budget Assessment-To-Sales Ratio Study for Division III Equalization Funding: 1999 Project Summary prepared for the State of Delaware Office of the Budget by Edward C. Ratledge Center for Applied Demography and

More information

ECONOMIC AND MONETARY DEVELOPMENTS

ECONOMIC AND MONETARY DEVELOPMENTS Box EURO AREA HOUSE PRICES AND THE RENT COMPONENT OF THE HICP In the euro area, as in many other economies, expenditures on buying a house or flat are not incorporated directly into consumer price indices,

More information

Luxury Residences Report First Half 2017

Luxury Residences Report First Half 2017 Luxury Residences Report First Half 2017 YEAR XIV n. 1 October 2017 1 Luxury Residences Report: First Half 2017 Introduction Introduction and methodology 2 Luxury Residences Report: First Half 2017 Introduction

More information

Assessment Quality: Sales Ratio Analysis Update for Residential Properties in Indiana

Assessment Quality: Sales Ratio Analysis Update for Residential Properties in Indiana Center for Business and Economic Research About the Authors Dagney Faulk, PhD, is director of research and a research professor at Ball State CBER. Her research focuses on state and local tax policy and

More information

The Improved Net Rate Analysis

The Improved Net Rate Analysis The Improved Net Rate Analysis A discussion paper presented at Massey School Seminar of Economics and Finance, 30 October 2013. Song Shi School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Palmerston North,

More information

Status of HUD-Insured (or Held) Multifamily Rental Housing in Final Report. Executive Summary. Contract: HC-5964 Task Order #7

Status of HUD-Insured (or Held) Multifamily Rental Housing in Final Report. Executive Summary. Contract: HC-5964 Task Order #7 Status of HUD-Insured (or Held) Multifamily Rental Housing in 1995 Final Report Executive Summary Cambridge, MA Lexington, MA Hadley, MA Bethesda, MD Washington, DC Chicago, IL Cairo, Egypt Johannesburg,

More information

Thermo-renovation: Opportunities & Barriers Experience of Latvia

Thermo-renovation: Opportunities & Barriers Experience of Latvia Thermo-renovation: Opportunities & Barriers Experience of Latvia Prepared by: Prof. P.Shipkovs, Dr.sc.ing. G.Kashkarova Energy Resources Laboratory Institute of Physical Energetics Why do we need building

More information

Utilizing 3D Building and 3D Cadastre Geometries for Better Valuation of Existing Real Estate

Utilizing 3D Building and 3D Cadastre Geometries for Better Valuation of Existing Real Estate Utilizing 3D Building and 3D Cadastre Geometries for Better Valuation of Existing Real Estate Umit ISIKDAG Beykent U., Turkey Mike HORHAMMER Oracle, USA Sisi ZLATANOVA, Peter VAN OOSTEROM TU Delft, The

More information

Classification: Public. Heathrow Expansion. Land Acquisition and Compensation Policies. Interim Property Hardship Scheme 1.

Classification: Public. Heathrow Expansion. Land Acquisition and Compensation Policies. Interim Property Hardship Scheme 1. Heathrow Expansion Land Acquisition and Compensation Policies Interim Property Hardship Scheme 1 Policy Terms 1 Introduction 1.1 This document sets out the terms of the Interim Property Hardship Scheme

More information

Multi-Paths of Colleges Performance Appraisal and Comparison Hui PENG 1,a, Lian-Sen WANG 2,3,4,b,*

Multi-Paths of Colleges Performance Appraisal and Comparison Hui PENG 1,a, Lian-Sen WANG 2,3,4,b,* 2016 2 nd International Conference on Modern Education and Social Science (MESS 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-346-5 Multi-Paths of Colleges Performance Appraisal and Comparison Hui PENG 1,a, Lian-Sen WANG 2,3,4,b,*

More information