Technical Study of Bellingham s Residential Development Code and Design Guidelines: Summary of Recommendations

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1 Technical Study of Bellingham s Residential Development Code and Design Guidelines: Summary of Recommendations December 15, 2004 Prepared by MAKERS architecture for the City of Bellingham With assistance by the Planning and Community Development Department Special Thanks to members of the Building Industry Association of Whatcom County and the local architects and Designers who provided input for this report

2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 1 Problems...1 Goals...2 Rationale/Discussion...2 How the Process Works...2 Departures...3 Which Standards Allow Departures?... 3 Recommended Process... 4 Criteria/Requirements Recommended Residential Housing Types and Development Standards... 5 Single-Family Detached Dwelling Unit...6 Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU)...11 Attached Accessory Dwelling Unit (AADU) Detached Accessory Dwelling Unit (DADU) Tandem Housing...14 Cottage Housing...15 Duplex...19 Attached Single-Family Dwelling Units (Townhomes)...21 Multifamily Dwellings...23 Other Housing Types...26 Senior Apartments Assisted Living Facilities Co-Housing General Development Standard Recommendations Parking...28 Driveways...29 Garages and Accessory Buildings...31 Fences...32 Landscaping Subdivision Ordinance Recommendations Subdivision Design Guidelines...33 Process Goals for Residential Project Design Subdivision Design and General Residential Project Principles BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page i

3 Lot Design Flexibility...36 Single-Family Detached Dwelling Unit Courtyard Access Lot Single-Family Detached Dwelling Unit Zero Lot Line Recommended Standards for Lot Frontages and Widths...40 Comments and Recommendations on Other Existing Subdivision Terms...40 Cluster (lots) Cluster Attached Cluster Detached Cluster Subdivision Special Considerations Determining Maximum Density in Single-Family Developments...42 Determining Maximum Density in Multifamily Developments...42 Recommendations/Alternatives...43 Approach to Mixed-Use Definitions Appendices A. Comment and Suggestions on Applicable Development Standards B. Housing Type Brochures C. Recommended Changes to the Multifamily Residential Development Handbook BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page ii

4 1. Introduction MAKERS was hired to work with City staff, architects, and developers to review the existing residential development regulations and provide recommended changes that would promote implementation of the comprehensive plan. This report is a technical advisory report for the City to use in updating City-wide development regulations. Problems The following problems associated with the existing development regulations, subdivision ordinance, and design guidelines have been identified: Formatting is not reader friendly users need to look in several places for related regulations; Language used in regulations is not clear regulations are difficult to understand; Development regulations for single-family homes and duplexes are resulting in streetscapes that are dominated by garages. Development regulations allow homes that are too large on small lots and require an overly cumbersome process for regulating large houses. Existing height definition results in too much downhill bulk for structures located on sloped lots. More flexibility in the development regulations is needed in for small lot development. An opportunity to depart from the development regulations is needed to allow for creativity and to respond to special circumstances. Development regulations discourage desirable housing types such as cottage housing and townhouses. Lot coverage requirements for multifamily uses encourage developments with surface parking rather than in-structure or underground parking. Open space requirements for multifamily uses are resulting in poorly designed spaces. Subdivision regulations are inflexible to creative development layouts. Voluntary guidelines are often difficult to distinguish from requirements in the Multifamily Design Handbook BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 1

5 Goals The project s goals are to assist in the development of standards and guidelines that will: Accommodate desired residential development types. Encourage development that fits the local context and makes a positive contribution to the neighborhood and City. Be easy to use and administer. Rationale/Discussion Throughout the report, we provide Rationale information to explain the reasoning behind the report s recommendations. This information and other background comments to assist the user are italicized for special emphasis. How the Process Works The chart below explains key components in the recommended development process, both for applicants wishing to subdivide land (intended for residential use) and for applicants wishing to develop on a single lot. Figure 1: How the recommended development process would work BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 2

6 Departures The City should consider an opportunity for departures to required standards in the Land Use Development Code* for residential developments as long as projects meet specific criteria. A departure is not a variance. Under a departure provision, a permit applicant may, upon approval by the City, obtain a permit for a project that does not conform to specific standards if the applicant successfully follows the design review process and the City finds that the proposal meets the intent of the standard. This provides greater flexibility to the applicant for creative designs, but also requires a higher level of design review to determine if the intent is met, even though the project departs from the standards. Since departures allow applicants to relax one or more rules and require additional staff time and City resources, a departure process should be the exception rather than the rule in terms of the sheer number of applicants who might choose the process. Therefore, the departure review process must be sufficiently rigorous to discourage its use unless the departure would truly provide a public and private benefit. Applicants should pay the cost associated with the increase in staff time and City resources associated with such an application. Consequently, a fine balance is needed to make such a departure process both useful and valuable. The process must ensure that a high level of development is maintained, but if the departure process proves too difficult, it may only be used by the applicants with the most time and money. * See Chapter 4, Subdivision Ordinance Recommendations, and Appendix C, Multifamily Residential Design Handbook, for related recommendations. Which Standards Allow Departures? All standards in the Land Use Development Code should be considered for a departure process, provided the required criteria (recommendations below) are met. However, the standards listed below warrant special attention: Density. (NOTE: This concerns multifamily projects only single-family density issues are addressed through the subdivision.) Such departures should only be given where the City or specific neighborhood approves of a departure in exchange for a specific community benefit feature. Possibilities include affordable housing, public open space, street improvements, or other public amenities. Height. The City or specific neighborhoods may want allow minor height increases provided any view or shade/shadow impacts are addressed. Or the City or specific neighborhoods may require specific community benefit features as noted for density departures above. The City might consider other standards critical enough that they warrant omission whether on a neighborhood by neighborhood basis or citywide. Or, the City may allow neighborhoods to develop special criteria for other departure from other standards. Keep in mind that the recommended criteria below gives the City the ability to request more information to determine whether or not a project meets the criteria. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 3

7 Recommended Process a. The Planning Department staff reviews the application and produces a staff report with a recommendation. Environmental review and/or other required land use applications, if required, are usually reviewed at the same time. b. Applications and staff report recommendations are then reviewed by the Design Review Board (DRB) at a public meeting. (NOTE: Recommend use of a DRB made up of Bellingham citizens professionally active in relevant community design fields. In conjunction with simplification of both the development regulations and the design handbook, the departure process utilizing a citizen design review board was the top priority among stakeholders involved in the process. The process allows more flexibility in design and provides the community with a greater voice in determining whether or not a project meets community goals and objectives.) The DRB makes a recommendation to the Planning Director based on the staff report and the criteria for departures (suggestions below). c. The Planning Director makes the decision on the application. Criteria/Requirements a. The project as a whole meets the Intent statements for the subject use. b. The requested departure meets the Intent statements relating to applicable development standards. c. The departure will not have a detrimental effect on nearby properties or the City as a whole. For example, if an applicant wants to depart from parking standards, he or she must provide sufficient information, such as a professional parking study, to help the board determine whether or not the departure will have a detrimental effect on nearby properties. d. The project responds to site conditions through its orientation, circulation, and/or incorporation of special site features, or other means, as approved by the DRB and the Planning Director. NOTE that some of the proposed development standards already provide exceptions where there is a sloped or irregularly shaped lot that makes conformance with standards very difficult. e. The project must be consistent with the goals and objectives of the Comprehensive Plan and applicable neighborhood plan. The City may consider allowing neighborhood plans to include special departure criteria for particular standards. NOTE: Below is one of the recommended criteria for departures for required elements of the Multifamily Design Handbook which address anything larger than a duplex. However, on single-family or duplex scale, it may be less appropriate. f. The project s building(s) exhibits a high degree of craftsmanship, building detail, architectural design, or quality of materials that are not typically found in standard construction. In order to meet this standard, an applicant must demonstrate to the DRB and Planning Director that the project s design offers a significant improvement over what otherwise could have been built under minimum standards and guidelines. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 4

8 2. Recommended Residential Housing Types and Development Standards This Chapter provides descriptions and development standards for the full range of possible housing types organized per the following: Proposed Definition. Self explanatory. Where Permitted. Recommendations on what contexts the particular housing type would be appropriate in and/or how the housing type relates to the current RS and RM designations. Approval Process. Recommendations on whether a project should requires a simple administrative approval or special review process with more neighborhood input. Density. Current density standards specific to the housing type and/or appropriate density levels for particular types of housing. Development Standards. Recommendations focus on the most important design components; charts are included when necessary to detail. Rationale/Discussion. Reasoning for recommendations. Except where specifically noted, the recommendations would replace existing regulations involving the particular housing type. The following housing types are defined in this chapter: Single-Family Detached Dwellings Accessory Dwelling Units Cottage Housing Co-Housing Duplexes Attached Single-Family Dwellings (Townhomes) Multifamily Dwellings Other Housing Types BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 5

9 Single-Family Detached Dwelling Unit Definition: A detached dwelling unit. Also see Chapter 6 for the definition of dwelling unit. Where Permitted: In all current RS zones per the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Approval Process: Same as existing RS process (administrative). Density: Per the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Current Figure 2: Single-family detached dwelling unit. zoning districts allow for lots as small as 5,000 square feet. Under the Cluster designation, some lots smaller than 5,000 square feet can be developed. Many older lots in the city are less than 5,000 square feet, with some as small as 2,500 square feet. The trend is for smaller and smaller lots given the diminishing supply and increasing cost of land. Lot sizes between 3,000 and 5,000 square feet are becoming increasingly common in the King, Pierce, and Snohomish Counties. Design standards become particularly important for small lots particularly those involving the size of the house and its orientation. Development Standards: Intent: To enhance the character of the street; To enhanced pedestrian access and walking; To encourage interaction among neighbors; To minimize the impact of vehicular access on the streetscape; To ensure that new homes are built to a scale that is appropriate for the size of the lot; To ensure privacy of residents and adjacent properties; To provide usable open space in the rear yard for residents; To provide flexibility where unique site conditions exist. Special intent statements are warranted here since single-family detached are not subject to the design guidelines. See Table 1 below for dimensional standards. Where lots front on a public street, houses shall have a covered entry (with a minimum dimension of 4 feet by 6 feet) and windows facing the street. The 4 x 6 standard is an appropriate size to allow two adults to stand in an entryway out of the rain. The size also contributes to the human scale of a house. Project applicants are encouraged to elevate the first floor of a dwelling unit at least 18 inches above the grade level of the sidewalk or street level unless the building site slopes away from the street. This is a common requirement in older communities and is something that should be encouraged to enhance both privacy of residents and the quality of streetscape. Where lots abut an alley, the garage or off-street parking area must take access from the alley, unless precluded by steep topography. No curb cuts shall be permitted unless access from the alley is precluded by steep topography. Common requirement where alleys are present. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 6

10 Table 1. Key Dimensional Standards for Detached Single-Family Dwellings Dimensions (listed in feet or square feet unless otherwise noted) Maximum Floor Area See Chapter 6 for suggested Floor Area definition, which excludes garages and basements from the measurement. FAR = Floor Area Ratio, which is the ratio of total floor area on the site to the size of the lot. Existing Standards (RS) Recommendation Rationale/Discussion 5, FAR or 2,000 SF (which ever is more) Existing 5,500 SF limit permitted large boxy houses on tiny lots and placed stringent limits to house sizes of larger lots. The proposal provides for a house of at least 2,000 SF in size on the smallest of lots which is not unreasonable for lots as small as 3,500SF. The 0.45 FAR limit allows the house to get bigger proportionally as the lot gets bigger. The 0.45 limit should reduce or eliminate the need for the existing CUP process to exceed the maximum floor area. Note that the FAR definition excludes garages and basements from the calculations. Although garages contribute to the bulk of a structure, the recommended garage setback and façade requirements should limit their visual impacts on the streetscape. Maximum Lot Coverage None. No limit recommended The proposed 0.45 max FAR combined with the proposed maximum impervious area should sufficiently take care of any need to regulate lot coverage. Maximum Impervious Area 70% Now regulated by minimum Open Space 50% for lots 7,200 SF or more; 60% for lots from 5,000 SF to 7,199 SF; 70% for lots less than 5,000 SF The proposed numbers seek to decrease the amount of impervious area for the larger lots to enhance water quality. These numbers are reasonable and allow homeowners to achieve the 0.45 FAR maximum house size on all but the smallest lots. These numbers are very similar to those adopted by the City of Shoreline. Height Limit 35 30; 35 w/ pitched roof >3:12 slope See proposed Height definition in Chapter 6 the intent here is to accommodate pitched roofs/discourage tall flat roofed homes. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 7

11 Table 1. (Continued) Dimensions (listed in feet or square feet unless otherwise noted) Existing Standards (RS) Recommendation Rationale/Discussion Minimum Yards(1) Front Yard *Proposed to be measured from the property line (PL) and not the roadway center line (CL) 50 from CL/ 60 from Arterial CL 15*; 10* with alley access in rear (2) (3) (4) Change front setbacks from CL to PL like all other cities which is easier to measure and understand. Other regulations should address situations where adjacent ROW are substandard or where lot fronts on an arterial. Continue to include a provision for reduced front yard setbacks where adjacent homes were built closer to the street (based on an average calculation from a survey). Side Yard Flanking Street 40 from CL/ 50 from Arterial CL 10*; 20* where adjacent to Arterial Side Yard (5) Rear Yard (5)(6) 5 Lots 5,000 SF or larger: 5; Lots less than 5,000 SF: Average of 5 but no portion less than 3 (5) or 20% of lot, which ever is less, but never less than 15 (5) (6) (7) The smallest lots warrant some extra flexibility. Also see note (6) for other reduction opportunities/exceptions. These recommendations promotes a larger rear yards and smaller front yards as it is the rear yard that proves to be the most usable space. Table note (6) requires at least 250 SF of open space in the rear yard to ensure sufficient usable private open space in the rear yard, particularly where alleys are present. Table Notes (1) Subdivision Ordinance recommendations provide opportunities for reduced front, side, and rear yard setbacks (see Chapter 4 for details) in new subdivisions. Subdivision recommendations also provide opportunities for Zero Lot Line and Courtyard Access configurations. (2) Porches or Non-habitable entry features may project up to 6 feet into the required front yard (see Figure 5). This provision provides incentives for porches without taking up building envelope space for the dwelling unit. (3) Garages must be setback a minimum of 20 feet from the designated front property line (see Figure 5), except where the garage does not face the street. This ensures sufficient space for cars to park in driveways without blocking sidewalks. Also see Chapter 3 for related Parking and Vehicular Access Standards which recommend that the garage face occupy no more than 50% of the ground level façade facing the street. (4) Where lots front on a public street and where vehicular access is from the street, garages or carports must be setback at least 5 feet more than any front wall of the dwelling unit facing the street (as measured from the front property line). Exceptions: The roof, eaves, or canopy of garages or carports may project to align with the front wall of the dwelling unit. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 8

12 Where garages face to the side or rear yard, they may be placed to align with the front wall of the dwelling unit provided the garage includes a window facing the street so that it appears habitable (see Figure 6). The window provision is now referenced in the multifamily design handbook, but would be more useful here with single-family uses. On corner lots, this standard shall only apply to the designated front yard. Many recent subdivisions are dominated by garages and have resulted in poor street environment. This is a common standard used by communities (Everett is one example) to enhance the quality of development and deemphasize the automobile. This proposal received a very favorable rating at the September growth forum. (5) The Director will allow reduced side or rear yard setbacks where the existing lot configuration, topography, or other unique site feature (such as a significant tree) prevents the applicant from conforming to the development standards). Specifically: The structure must meet all applicable fire safety and building code regulations. When side or rear setbacks are reduced to less than 3 feet, the applicant must show evidence of a maintenance agreement granted by adjacent property owner(s). The structure must not negatively impact adjacent properties. This provides flexibility without going through the recommended departure process or the traditional variance process. (6) Detached single-family dwelling units must have at least 250 square feet of open space in the rear yard area that is free of structures. All dimensions must be at least 15 feet. This is intended to maintain at least some space in the rear yard for small lot developments, particularly where there are alleys. (7) For lots with alley access, garages and other accessory buildings may be located on the rear lot line or no closer than 10 feet from the center line of the alley. Garages facing the alley are subject to an additional 5 foot setback (no closer than 15 feet from the center line of the alley). Figure 3: Existing regulations allow garages to be the dominant features of many singlefamily developments. Figure 4: This Snoqualmie Ridge home provides a good example of setting the garage behind the front wall of the house. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 9

13 Figure 5: Illustration of key design standards for Single-family Detached Dwellings. (See Development Standards on previous pages and Table 1 for detailed requirements.) Figure 6: If the garage faces to the side, it may be aligned with the front wall of the house. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 10

14 Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Definition: A second, subordinate dwelling unit for use as a complete, independent dwelling with permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation. This is the existing definition keep as the overarching definition. Where Permitted: See sections below on Attached (AADU) and Detached Accessory Dwelling Units (DADU) for recommendations. Density: No more than one Accessory Dwelling Unit per lot. Approval Process: No change is proposed from the existing process: Administrative same as for all single-family detached dwelling units, with the following exceptions: Notice is required to adjacent property owners (current provision for ADU s that should be retained and extended to DADU s where permitted). Affected properties have an opportunity to appeal the Director decision to the Hearing Examiner (current provision for ADU s that should be retained and extended to DADU s where permitted). Development Standards: Accessory Dwelling Units are subject to all development standards for single-family detached dwelling units as well as those listed below and specific AADU s and DADU s. Properties with ADU s would still be subject to the 0.45 FAR maximum, thus restricting the bulk of the structure or structures on a given lot. Many of the recommended standards below already apply for AADU s and could be applicable to DADU s as well. Accessory Dwelling Units must not exceed 40% of the floor area of the primary dwelling unit or 800 square feet, which ever is less. This is an existing requirement. At least two enclosed parking spaces are required on the property. While enclosed spaces aren t required for regular single-family homes, this is a reasonable requirement and helps reduce impacts associated with an ADU. This is in response to concerns about the conversions of existing garages. A pedestrian walkway from the street or alley to the primary entrance of an ADU shall be provided. The total number of persons who may occupy the accessory dwelling unit shall not exceed three, regardless of relationship. (existing requirement) No more than two bedrooms shall be located within the accessory dwelling unit. (existing requirement) The primary residence or the accessory dwelling unit must be owner occupied. To qualify as an owner, an individual or couple must have at least a 50% interest in the property. A covenant, approved by the Department of Planning and Community Development, must be signed and recorded which specifies this requirement and the requirement for purchaser registration contained in subsection (6). In addition, an affidavit must be submitted to the Department on or before January 1 of every odd numbered year attesting to owner occupancy. This is an existing requirement, except for the bolded sentence which was BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 11

15 drafted to help define ownership. Another option with regards to enforcement, change in ownership over time: Seattle also offers a waiver to the owner occupancy after a two year period of occupancy. Rationale/Discussion: ADU s provide a great source of affordable housing in a neighborhood setting. See the following sections on AADU s and DADU s. Attached Accessory Dwelling Unit (AADU) Definition: An accessory dwelling unit located within or attached to a single-family residence. To be considered attached the roof and wall of the accessory dwelling unit must be an extension of the roof and wall of the existing single-family residence. In no case shall the attachment be made through an unenclosed structure. This is the existing definition - no changes are proposed. Where Permitted: Permitted on all lots containing single-family detached dwelling units. Although the existing ordinance stresses that AADU s should not be deemed a right or privilege for every residential property, the regulations now provide the opportunity on any site, subject to compliance with specific standards. Development Standards: See the development standards for ADU s on the previous page, plus the following. Only one entrance for the entire structure may be visible from any street. Existing - no changes proposed. All additions constructed to house an ADU must have similar roof pitch, siding, and windows (to the extent allowed by the building code) as the existing single-family dwelling. Existing - no changes proposed. Figure 7: Example of attached accessory dwelling unit. Note the pathway to the ADU entry. Rationale/Discussion: Existing regulations already provide for this opportunity which allows for additional infill density with very little visual impact on the character of the neighborhood. Only some minor tweaks to the regulations are suggested, as noted herein. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 12

16 Detached Accessory Dwelling Unit (DADU) Definition: A detached accessory dwelling unit located on the same lot as a single-family detached dwelling unit. Where Permitted: New DADU s are not currently permitted in the City. Ideally, DADU s should be permitted everywhere subject to the development standards. Like attached units, DADU s would provide more affordable housing options in a neighborhood setting and could be regulated to minimize the impact on adjacent properties. Below are some possible approaches in providing for DADU s: DADU s could be permitted over garages on lots served by alleys. This way, their visual impacts are predominately hidden from the street plus it would not require an additional structure. DADU s could be permitted in select neighborhoods where they are acceptable. Development Standards: See the development standards for ADU s plus the following. The footprint of a DADU must not occupy more the 40% of the rear yard. This is a common regulation on DADU s in other communities to restrict how much space in the rear yard to be used by such a structure. The maximum height shall be 25 feet. This allows for a 2-story building with a pitched roof or one full floor over a garage. Where access is from an alley, DADU s are permitted over a garage. NOTE: DADU s would be subject to the same setback regulations as single-family detached dwelling units and garages, when applicable, unless otherwise noted. Rationale/Discussion: See notes in italics above. Figure 8: Example of detached accessory dwelling unit. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 13

17 Tandem Housing Definition: Two single-family detached dwelling units on one lot. Where Permitted: Tandem Housing could be permitted as an alternative to duplex developments (in districts that permit duplexes). The primary argument against tandem housing is that it is generally a form of housing that is not conducive to home ownership. However, there are some positive aspects of tandem housing to consider: It provides a viable alternative to duplexes that may be more in keeping with particular neighborhoods. Could allow for infill opportunities on larger lots in existing neighborhoods without necessitating a tear down or awkward conversion or addition. Density: As specified on the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Two single-family detached dwelling units on one lot should be equivalent to one duplex in the measurement of density. Approval Process: Administrative same as for all single-family detached dwelling units. Development Standards: Same as single-family detached dwelling units, with the following exceptions (again, they should be subject to the same 0.45 FAR standard as regular singlefamily homes and duplexes): Minimum space between houses must be at least 10 feet. Dwelling units sited on the interior of a lot should maintain a setback of at least 20 feet on at least one side (as determined by the director) to provide space for a private yard. All other setbacks to property lines shall be at least 5 feet. Shared vehicular access is encouraged for all applicable dwelling units and may be required per Parking and Vehicular Access recommendations based on lot frontage. Enough flexibility here is needed to allow for separate driveways where lot widths are wide enough and/or where shared driveways wouldn t work well on a given lot with a pre-existing house. Figure 9: Example of tandem housing. At least one enclosed parking space per dwelling unit should be required. This is desirable to reduce the impact of parked cars on the neighborhood increased standards over a regular dwelling unit are warranted due to the extra density. A pedestrian walkway from the street or alley to the primary entrance of all dwelling units on a Tandem Housing lot shall be provided. Rationale/Discussion: See notes in italics above. Figure 9. Example of tandem housing. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 14

18 Cottage Housing Definition: Small single-family detached dwelling units arranged around a common open space. The intent/purpose for providing this housing type: Provide a housing type that responds to changing household sizes and ages (e.g., retirees, small families, single person households); Provide opportunities for ownership of small, detached dwelling units within a single-family neighborhood; Encourage creation of more usable open space for residents of the development through flexibility in density and lot standards; Support the growth management goal of more efficient use of urban residential land; and Provide guidelines to ensure compatibility with surrounding land uses. Figure 10: Example of cottage housing. Where Permitted: Ideally, Cottage Housing should be permitted in any zoning district that permits single-family detached dwelling units (including the current RS zone). Based on conversations with Planners in Shoreline and Redmond and cottage housing developers, they should be allowed in single-family areas not only due to their visual appearance and limited bulk, but due to the sheer economics. Typically, land prices are too high in MF areas to support the development of cottage housing. See discussion under Density below. Density: Cottage housing units should be permitted at a rate of 2:1 over regular single-family detached dwelling units due to their reduced size. In other words, where four single-family detached lots are permitted, eight cottage housing units should be permitted on the same site. Based on our research, there needs to be density bonus in Figure 11: Aerial of a cottage housing order to encourage cottage housing. A 2 for 1 cottage development centered around a common ordinance is said to work where land is relatively open space. Note the configuration of inexpensive (Housing Partnership); in higher demand walkways and vehicular access. area, a 3 for 1 bonus may be needed to balance the scales. They should be allowed in any residential zoning district as long as they are subject to an expanded set of administratively approved design guidelines. The 2 for 1 density bonus is what is provided for cottage housing units in Redmond and Shoreline. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 15

19 Per our research, cottage housing units can be built to a density of 10 to 35 dwelling units per acre with the dwelling unit per acre being the most common density. Approval Process: Administrative same as for all single-family detached dwelling units, with the following exceptions: A pre-application meeting with the Director is required to discuss the design standards and how they relate to the site. The meeting also gives the applicant a chance to discuss preliminary design ideas. A second pre-application meeting should be required with notice to all property owners within 300 feet of the site. This allows neighbors an opportunity to voice any concerns or suggestions prior to the final design of the development. Similar meetings are required in Shoreline and Redmond. Affected properties have an opportunity to appeal the Director decision to the Hearing Examiner (this is the current provision for ADU s that should be extended to the cottage housing process). Again, according to our research the pre-app, neighborhood meeting, and administrative approval is probably the best way to go, as long as the design requirements are solid. Design Standards: Intent To ensure that the overall size, including bulk and mass of cottage structures and cottage housing developments, remain smaller and incur less visual impact than standard sized single-family dwellings, particularly given the allowed intensity of cottage dwellings. To provide centrally located and functional common open space that fosters a sense of community and a sense of openness in cottage housing developments. To provide private area around the individual dwellings to enable diversity in landscape design and foster a sense of ownership. To ensure minimal visual impact from vehicular use and storage areas for residents of the cottage housing development as well as adjacent properties, and to maintain a singlefamily character along public streets. See Table 2 for Dimensional Standards. Cottage housing developments shall contain a minimum of four and a maximum of 12 cottages located in a cluster to encourage a sense of community among the residents. A development site may contain more than one cottage housing development. Common Open Space requirements: Must abut at least 50% of the cottages in a cottage housing development Must have cottages abutting on at least two sides. Cottages must be oriented around and have the main entry from the common open space Cottages must be within 60 feet walking distance of the common open space BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 16

20 Required Private Open Space shall be adjacent to each dwelling unit, for the exclusive use of the cottage resident(s). The space shall be usable (not on a steep slope) and oriented toward the common open space as much as possible, with no dimension less than 10 feet. Cottage facades facing the common open space or common pathway must feature a roofed porch at least 80 square feet in size with a minimum dimension of 8 feet on any side. Cottages located adjacent to a public street shall provide a covered entry feature (with a minimum dimension of 6 feet by 6 feet) facing the street. (This is usually secondary to the porch facing the commons, but it s still imporant and reasonable) Parking shall be: Located on the cottage housing development property. Screened from public streets and adjacent residential uses by landscaping or architectural screening. Located in clusters of not more than five adjoining spaces Prohibited in the front yard setback area. A pitched roof design is required for all detached parking structures. Table 2. Dimensional Standards for Cottage Housing Maximum Floor Area Standard Maximum Floor Area/Ground or Main Floor Requirement (Rationale/Discussion) 1,200SF (this is typical of other cottage housing ordinance) 800 SF Maximum Impervious Surface Area 50% in districts where the max or avg density is 7,200 SF lots or larger; 60% in districts where the max or avg density is between 5,000 SF and 7,199SF lots; and 70% in districts where the max or avg density is smaller than 5,000 SF lots. (This is essentially the same standard as single-family detached) Minimum Common Space (See Design Standards below for more info) Minimum Private Open Space (See Design Standards below for more info) Maximum Height for Cottages with Minimum Roof Slope of 6:12 Front, Side Yard Flanking Street, Side, and Rear Yards (to exterior property lines) Minimum Distance Between Structures (Including accessory structures) Maximum Height for Cottages and Accessory Structures 400 SF/unit (Shoreline requires only 250 SF) 200SF/unit (key design component of successful cottage housing developments) 25 (all parts of the roof above 18 must be pitched) (this eliminates the possibility of skinny two story cottages packed onto a site) Same as Single-Family Detached Minimum Parking Spaces per Cottage: See Chapter 3, Table BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 17

21 Figure 12: Examples of cottage housing development, with and without alley access. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 18

22 Duplex Definition: A building designed and arranged exclusively for occupancy by two families living independently of each other in separate dwelling units. NOTES: This existing definition allows for the units to be configured in a variety of ways either next to each other, on top of each other, or both which distinguishes itself from attached single-family where units cannot be stacked. Where Permitted: Where specified on the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. In addition to those areas Figure 13: Example of a duplex. where they are now permitted, duplexes should be considered for corner lots in some or all single-family areas particularly since they can be designed to look like single-family homes with entrances on opposite streets. Density: As specified on the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Duplexes can be built at densities of between 8 and 20 dwelling units per acre see Appendix B, Housing Type Brochures, for more details. Approval Process: Administrative same as for all single-family detached dwelling units. Development Standards: Same as single-family detached dwelling units, with the following exceptions: For duplexes located on corner lots, each unit must have its address, front door, driveway, and parking area or garage (where there is no alley access) oriented to a separate street frontage. Portland uses this standard again, corner duplexes should be considered on a wider basis. Individual units shall have separate entries (Per the required single-family detached standards, they ll need the minimum 4 feet by 6 feet covered entry/porch). Eliminate the existing 3-bedroom limit for duplexes and let the 0.45 FAR limit and updated development standards enhance the overall design and reduce the impact of these uses on surrounding areas. Rationale/Discussion: The recommended single-family detached design standards (0.45 FAR limit, impervious area, garage placement and covered) and driveway standards (see Chapter 3) take care of most of the design problems identified with local duplexes. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 19

23 Figure 14: Example of duplex located on a corner lot designed to look like a singlefamily dwelling. Figure 15: Minimum duplex design standards. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 20

24 Attached Single-Family Dwelling Units (Townhomes) Definition: A single-family dwelling attached in a row of at least two dwelling units. Each unit has its own front and/or rear access to the outside, no unit is located over another unit, and each unit is separated from any other unit by one or more vertical common fire-resistant walls. NOTE: Townhouse developments should have opportunities for fee simple lots (subdivision process) in addition to traditional condominium format. See Appendix B, Housing Type Brochures, for more information. Figure 16: Townhouse example. Where Permitted: Where specified on the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Due to their recent popularity in the Puget Sound area for first time homebuyers and empty nesters, their relatively low construction cost, their ability to fit into a variety of contexts, and their overall design efficiency, townhouse developments should be encouraged in all but the lowest density single-family areas. Density: Townhomes can be built to a density of dwelling units an acre. This density range is about the same as the common three-story walk-up apartments. If the City wants to encourage townhomes, zoning districts must allow this type of unit density. For example, the City could zone for 40 dwelling units per acre in a particular area, but allow townhomes and not other forms of multifamily. Approval Process: Same as existing RM process. Development Standards: Intent: To enhance the character of adjacent streets; To enhanced pedestrian access and walking; To encourage interaction among neighbors; To minimize the impact of vehicular access on the streetscape; To ensure privacy of residents and adjacent properties; To provide usable open space in the rear yard for residents; To provide flexibility where unique site conditions exist; To provide flexibility in the design of new developments. See Table 3 on the following page for dimensional standards. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 21

25 Table 3: Dimensional Standards for Townhomes. Standard Maximum Floor Area/unit Maximum number of units in one building Minimum Private Open Space (See Design Guideline recommendations for more direction on open space) Maximum Height Minimum Setback from a Public Street Side Yard (setback to exterior property line for development) Rear Yard (setback to exterior property line for development) Minimum Parking Spaces per Dwelling Unit Requirement (Rationale/Discussion) None. (The current 3 bedroom limit is unnecessary given the recommended standards and guidelines) 8 (This common upper limit for townhomes is for both fire safety construction methods and bulk-appearance purposes; 6 would be the lower end the most common form; Needs to be coordinated with Fire Department; Exceptions should be provided for townhouses in denser Mixed-Use or Commercial district settings) 200SF/unit with the smallest dimension no less than 14 feet (2-bedroom townhouses are typically between 14 and 18 feet wide thus the open space should be at least as wide as the unit). Units must have direct access to the space. (this ensures that there will be more than just a balcony however, developers should have an option for departures through a Design Review Board to provide usable common open space in lieu of some or all private open space) Based on height limit in particular zoning district (existing 35 height limits that apply to RS and RM zones should be sufficient) 10 ; No setback is required for townhouses in mixeduse or commercial based districts. Based on the specific context, the design guidelines/review process will be more effective in setting the most appropriate front yard setback. Recommendation for design guidelines: The ground floor of all townhomes within 15 of a public or private street must be placed at least 36 above the level of the street to protect privacy (exceptions should be granted for unique topography as long as privacy from the street is addressed. 5 5 ; zero where alleys are present. (Based on specific context; larger yards may be required for design handbook conformance.) 2 with 1 guest parking space per 3 units. Other Recommendations: Retain existing UBC + Common Wall Agreement language applicable to Townhomes. Individual units must feature highlighted entries which include: Architectural features that provide weather protection and add visual interest to the structure. At least 20 square feet of landscaping adjacent to the entry. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 22

26 Multifamily Dwellings Definition: A building designed for or occupied by two or more families living independently in separate dwelling units. Some adjustments are proposed here from the current definition first, the existing term is multiple family dwelling unit which somewhat contradicts itself since it s referring to a building with three or more units, each of which is designed for one family thus we suggest using the term dwellings to infer that the building contains multiple units. Secondly we suggest using the threshold of buildings with two units instead of three since the word multiple is defined as more than one. Multifamily dwellings may take a variety of forms which are described and illustrated in Appendix B, Housing Type Brochures. Where Permitted: Currently within RM zones and some Commercial and Multi-Use zones. Also see Appendix B for descriptions of the various multifamily housing types for contexts appropriate for each housing type. Density: Per the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. See Chapter 5 Special Considerations for suggestions on measuring density in multifamily residential districts. Also see Appendix B, Housing Type Brochures, for typical density ranges for various types of multifamily dwellings. Approval Process: Same as existing RM process, but consider use of Design Review Board for departures per Chapter 6 Special Considerations. Development Standards: See Table 4 for dimensional standards. Table 4: Dimensional Standards for Multifamily Dwellings. Standard Existing Recommended Rationale/Discussion Maximum Lot Coverage 30% (up to 75% with restrictions) No limit This current restriction practically requires that all multifamily developments be in the form of walkup apartments with surface parking. Rather than changing the percentage, we recommend eliminating any lot coverage requirements altogether relying instead on the height limit, setbacks, open space requirements, and most importantly, the design guidelines process. Maximum Impervious Surface Area (Under current standards, this is regulated as minimum Open Space ) 75% 75% (1) (2) The 75% limit is appropriateparticularly for developments served by surface parking. Note (1) provides more flexibility for developments that hide parking within or under structures as long as they provide common open space. Note (2) provides an exemption for mixed-use buildings. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 23

27 Standard Existing Recommended Rationale/Discussion Minimum Open Space (under current standards, the usable space standards involve both private and common open space) 250SF/unit 400SF or 100SF/unit of open space, which ever is greater; (3) Existing standards for open space are not working resulting in poorly designed spaces of little functional use we recommend trimming down the numerical requirement, but strengthening the guidelines for open space see Note (3) below and Appendix C for Design Guidelines recommendations that address how this space should be designed. Maximum Height 35 Set by specific zoning districts The current 35 limit for most of the city allows for a 3-story building residential building with a pitched roof. Mixed-use buildings require a taller ground floor (see Figure 17) thus the 35 limit will barely provide for a flat roofed 3-story building. Therefore, if pitched roofs are desired in mixed-use districts, provisions should be added to allow up to 10 feet for roofs with slopes at least 4:12. Minimum Setback from a Public Street 5 / zero for apartments over office or retail/ zero in select mixed-use districts (4) Rather than a strict height limit for all but downtown, the height limits for multifamily and mixed-use districts, should vary according to the context of specific areas. See the discussion on Departures in Chapter 1 for possibilities and Appendix B for a description of the various housing types and their respective building heights. This sets the minimum standard. Based on the particular context, they may be required to provide an increased setback through the design review process/ conformance with the guidelines. Minimum Side Yard: Applicable building heights (4) (4) (4) >65 20 (4) The intent here is to provide simple standards that correspond with building height. Applicants may be granted some flexibilty through the Departure process as long as they meet the intent of the guidelines. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 24

28 Rear Yard Standard Existing Recommended Rationale/Discussion 20 or 20% of lot depth, but no less than 10 (4) Again, this sets a minimum standard. The numbers are similar to Seattle requirements. The Departure process provides the opportunity for flexibility given the context and design. Rear Yard Abutting Alley 20 from center-line of alley See notes above. Minimum Parking Spaces/Dwelling Unit See Table 5 in Chapter 3 Parking and Vehicular Access Table Notes (1) Areas on top of parking garages that meet Common Open Space standards as recommended in Section I-G of the Multifamily Residential Design Handbook shall not be considered impervious. (2) Mixed-use developments designed to accommodate commercial uses on at least 75% of the development s primary street frontage shall be exempt from this requirement. Such ground floor must feature 15 feet floor to ceiling heights. (In the Design Handbook we suggest that residential uses could occupy such space at least temporarily, where the demand for commercial space is not strong enough yet, but desired in the long term. Such residential space could utilize a false floor 3 feet above the street level to enhance privacy from the sidewalk.) (3) To meet the open space requirement, developments must comply with applicable standards in Section I-G of the Multifamily Residential Design Handbook (Recommended standards seek a variety of open spaces for each development including common open space, private balconies, decks, or patios, natural areas if they are treated as an amenity, and indoor recreational space. Again, we suggest reducing the minimum numerical requirement for open space, and instead focus the design guidelines to provide the best direction see Appendix C.) (4) No minimum setbacks are required in Commercial or Mixed-Use Districts. The design guidelines should drive the setbacks based on the context. Figure 17: The 35-foot height limit allows for a 3-story mixed-use building with a flat roof. To add a pitched roof, up to 10 additional feet will be needed. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 25

29 Other Housing Types Senior Apartments Definition: Multifamily dwellings specifically designed for occupancy by persons of fifty-five (55) years of age or older and able to live independently. Note the difference with the definition of Assisted Living Facilities, which involve specific care/service. The intent in providing this housing type is to provide flexibility in the development of senior housing where fewer parking spaces are generally needed and there s a stronger interest in providing such housing in unique locations close to services and amenities. Where Permitted: Any where multifamily dwellings are permitted. Density: Per the density of individual zoning districts. Due to reduced parking needs, we recommend allowing a density bonus for senior apartments somewhere between % of regular multifamily dwellings. Review Process: Same as existing RM process. Development Standards: Same as multifamily dwellings, except current regulations allow as little as 0.5 parking spaces per unit. This provision should be retained see comments below. Rationale/Discussion: As the proportion of seniors to total population increases Nationwide, communities need to look at how their regulations encourage or discourage the various types of senior housing. Many communities either don t acknowledge senior housing from regular multifamily or lump all senior housing types into one category. Based on our experience, we believe there are 2 categories that fit within the residential development standards: senior apartments for independent living and assisted living facilities. Since fewer seniors own cars (particularly assisted living), less parking is needed. Since both the size of units are typically smaller (than regular housing) and the area required for parking is smaller, a higher unit density should be allowed to promote this type of housing. Assisted Living Facilities Definition: An establishment which provides living quarters and a variety of limited personal care and supportive health care to individuals who are unable to live independently due to infirmity of age, physical or mental handicap, but who do not need the skilled nursing care of a nursing home. Such a facility includes individual dwelling units with private bathroom facilities. Such a facility must be licensed by the State of Washington. We researched several example definitions and discussed the issue with facility developers such as ERA Care one of the major providers of senior housing in the Seattle area. They stressed the licensing component as part of the definition. Where Permitted: Assisted Living Facilities should be permitted in any area zoned for multifamily dwellings, including the current RM zones. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 26

30 Density: Per the density of individual zoning districts. Due to reduced parking needs and smaller unit sizes, we recommend allowing a density bonus for assisted living facilities at about 200% (2 per 1) or per Chapter 2, Special Considerations, dropping the density limit completely and letting parking and the design standards and guidelines dictate the density. Review Process: Same as existing RM process. Development Standards: Same as multifamily dwellings, except current regulations allow as little as 0.5 parking spaces per unit. This provision should be retained particularly since almost no residents will be operating vehicles. Thus the parking is only needed for employees and guests. The 0.5 figure is based on actual need at several large ERA Care (one of the major senior housing providers in the King County area) assisted living facilities in the Seattle area. Co-Housing Definition: A residential development on one contiguous parcel of land, designed by and developed for members of an existing co-housing organization in which members of the cohousing organization will own and reside. A co-housing development shall consist of at least 5 residential dwelling units and shall be operated as a condominium, co-op or similar form which allows for individual ownership of each dwelling unit. It shall also include one or more common structures containing a shared kitchen, library, computer room, laundry, greenhouse, play area or other common residential facilities for use by the residents. Where Permitted: Co-Housing could be permitted in any zoning district provided developments meet applicable design standards. Density: Per the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Again, the density should depend on the particular zoning district and which housing types are permitted. Since Co-Housing developments are organized around common facilities, they often require less space per dwelling unit. As a result, there s an argument that a higher density should be permitted. Review Process: Retain the existing review process. Proposed Standards/Guidelines: Per specific housing type (duplex, townhouse, or multifamily, etc.). BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 27

31 3. General Development Standard Recommendations Parking Problems with Current Regulations: Parking requirements for duplexes and townhouses include a provision for extra parking spaces for large houses with more than 3 bedrooms. This requirement is appropriate near the colleges, but may be unnecessary on a citywide basis. Parking requirements for multifamily dwellings are too relaxed for 2 to 3 bedroom units. These are progressive standards that would be appropriate in more urbanized areas where more people choose not to own cars, but not in Bellingham. Recommendations: See Table 5 below. Table 5: Recommended Parking Requirements for Specific Housing Types Housing Type Current Minimum Spaces Required Proposed Minimum Spaces Required Rationale/Discussion Dwelling Unit Single-family Detached and Duplexes 2.0 per dwelling unit except 1 extra space required per bedroom over 3 for duplexes. 2.0 per dwelling unit citywide No changes proposed for singlefamily. The extra space provision for large duplexes should be eliminated. The proposed FAR limit standard should restrict the mega-duplex problem. Dwelling Unit - Accessory (attached or detached) Cottage Housing: 1.0 per bedroom 1.0 per studio or one bedroom unit; 2.0 for two bedroom unit. In our proposed ADU standards, we suggest a requirement of at least 2 enclosed parking spaces for any property proposing an ADU. <650 SF on Ground/Main Floor N/A 1.5 per dwelling unit Smaller units warrant reduced parking requirements SF on Ground/Main Floor N/A 2.0 per dwelling unit BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 28

32 Housing Type Current Minimum Spaces Required Proposed Minimum Spaces Required Rationale/Discussion Dwelling Unit Multifamily: NOTE: This includes duplexes on up. Studio Units 1.0 per dwelling unit 1.0 per dwelling unit Same One-Bedroom Units: Two-Bedroom Units 1.5 per dwelling unit 1.5 per dwelling unit Same 1.5 per dwelling unit 2.0 per dwelling unit Current regulations require only 1.5 spaces which may be sufficient in more urbanized areas with better transit but probably not here, particularly with the college. Three-Bedroom or More Units 2.0 per dwelling unit plus 1 per bedroom over per dwelling unit, with an extra 0.5 space per each bedroom over 3 This bumps the requirements up a ½ space over current requirements see comments above. Senior Apartments Assisted Living Facilities Same as multifamily or can be reduced to 0.5 per unit Same as multifamily or medical care facility 1.0 per dwelling unit See notes in the Senior Apartment sub-section at the end of Chapter per dwelling unit See notes in the Assisted Living Facility sub-section at the end of Chapter 2. Other Key Design Standards: Key changes recommended include: Tandem parking should be permitted for all housing types as long as spaces are identified for the exclusive use of occupants of a designated dwelling. This is intended to provide flexibility for all housing types, given the high cost of providing parking spaces. Driveways Problems with Current Regulations: Existing regulations are allowing developments that feature excessive driveway widths and/or an excessive number of driveways both of which degrade the streetscape and pedestrian environment. Recommendations: Retain current 20-foot maximum driveway width for single-family dwelling units and duplexes. Front yard driveway widths for single-family detached dwelling lots with less than 50 feet in street frontage shall not exceed 12 feet in width in order to minimize the impact of vehicular access on the street. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 29

33 Multiple driveways for a single-family detached dwelling lot are prohibited. Exception the Director may approve a second driveway where the street frontage exceeds 100 feet and/or unique site conditions require a second driveway. In such cases, both driveways shall be limited to 12 feet in width. The intent is again to minimize driveway impacts to the streetscape- and discourage multiple driveways on a single lot without prohibiting them on larger lots. Figure 18: Driveway standards. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 30

34 Garages and Accessory Buildings Problems with Current Regulations: Current regulations for single-family detached dwelling units and duplexes have allowed garages to become the dominant streetscape feature in many neighborhoods. Recommendations: Key changes recommended include: All residential uses: Where lots abut an alley, the garage or off-street parking area must take access from the alley, unless precluded by steep topography. No curb cuts shall be permitted unless access from the alley is precluded by steep topography. Garage fronts attached to any single-family dwelling unit or duplex shall occupy no more than 50% of any façade facing a public street. The intent is to minimize the impact of garages and vehicular access on the street. This essentially would require a single-car or tandem garages on street-access lots less than 50 feet wide. This provision exempts garage fronts that do not face a public street. Accessory buildings shall not exceed 12 feet Figure 19: Garage front standards for singlefamily dwellings and duplexes. in height. Exception: The maximum height for accessory buildings with pitched roofs with slopes of at least 4:12 is 18 feet. Delete the existing reference to 1 story which is not necessary. Portable storage containers shall not be considered as an accessory building and should be prohibited in all residential zoning districts. Suggested definition: Portable Storage Container means an outdoor storage and shipping container that is a portable, enclosed, ground level steel structure on rigid supports that is used for the storage or shipping of inventory, materials, or supplies. See Chapter 3 for related garage and accessory building requirements for single-family dwellings and duplexes. Note: Also see Appendix C, Recommended Changes to the Multifamily Residential Development Handbook, for other standards and guidelines for garages associated with multifamily developments. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 31

35 Fences Problems with Current Regulations: Current regulations allow for tall fences in front yards and close to the street that degrade the character of streets. Recommendations: New fences, walls, and hedges located in the required front yard and between a street and the front of a single-family dwelling, duplex, or townhouse shall not exceed 3 feet 6 inches. See Chapter III for recommended Subdivision Design Guidelines involving fences and walls adjacent to streets. See Appendix C for design guidelines recommendations involving fences and walls. Landscaping Problems with Current Regulations: Insufficient design direction to developers. Lacking sufficient standards for landscaping buffers. Recommendations: See Multifamily Residential Design Handbook recommendations for: Landscaping Plan requirements. Landscape Type definitions. Plant Materials. Irrigation, Maintenance, and Enforcement. Parking Area and Perimeter Landscaping. The Handbook recommendations should replace any conflicting landscaping requirements. See Appendix A for other comments and suggestions on existing landscaping regulations in BMC BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 32

36 4. Subdivision Ordinance Recommendations First and foremost, the City is in need of subdivision guidelines on a citywide basis to enhance the configuration of new development consistent with the community s goals at this critical stage. Second, there needs to be more flexibility in the design of detached single-family lots in any part of the City. For instance, where the current system of zoning provides for Zero Lot Line developments only in specific circumstances (where there is a special Cluster designation), we recommend that this and other creative lot types should be allowed anywhere as long as the density is the same and specific design parameters are met. Subdivision Design Guidelines The following material is based on subdivision design standards adopted for San Luis Obispo, California a university town in Central California with about the same population as Bellingham and a very similar geographic setting. Ultimately, such guidelines will require subdivision applicants to put more thought into how particular sites may be developed as we ve heard that the subdivider and the developer are often separate people. Process The recommended guidelines and associated review process should be integrated into the existing preliminary plat review process. The burden should be on the applicants to demonstrate how their proposal meets the guidelines. Like all current subdivisions, staff would review the preliminary plat application against the design guidelines. The remaining process would be the same as it is now. Goals for Residential Project Design These guidelines are intended to encourage well designed residential neighborhoods that people enjoy living in, which (these are example goals that should be adjusted as necessary for consistency with Comprehensive Plan goals): Reduce the visual dominance of the automobile Promote pedestrian activity Create variety and interest in the appearance of residential streets Provide community open space Protect significant features of the natural environment. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 33

37 Subdivision Design and General Residential Project Principles The following guidelines apply to new residential subdivisions, and address how new residential subdivisions should relate to their surroundings. Applicants must demonstrate how proposals meet the following principles: The material below is an example and should be refined per Bellingham s Comprehensive Plan Goals/community vision. Development of Neighborhoods Each new residential project should be designed to integrate with the surrounding neighborhood to ensure that it maintains the established character. Subdivisions in City expansion areas should be designed so that individual, separately developed projects work together to create distinct neighborhoods, instead of disjointed or isolated enclaves. Integration of Open Space New subdivisions adjacent to planned or existing parks or other public open spaces (e.g., creeks, riparian areas), or the landscaped grounds of schools or other public facilities should maximize visibility and pedestrian access to these areas. Where these facilities are not already planned, the subdivision should be designed to provide usable public open spaces in the form of parks, linear bicycle and pedestrian trails, squares, and greens, as appropriate. NOTE: This material should be refined per Park and Recreation goals and standards as appropriate. Edges "Gated communities," and other residential developments designed to appear as continuous walled-off areas, disconnected and isolated from the rest of the community, are strongly discouraged. While walls and fences may be useful for security, sound attenuation and privacy, these objectives can often be met by creative design that controls the height and length of walls, develops breaks and variations in relief, and uses landscaping, along with natural topographical changes, for screening. Scale New residential subdivisions, and groups of subdivisions that, in effect, collectively create a new neighborhood, should be designed to provide a "walkable" scale, that places all homes within ¼ mile of neighborhood shopping opportunities, a neighborhood park, or a public facility that can serve as a "center" for the neighborhood. Ideally, each neighborhood should have a center that includes all three facilities. Site Planning Residential subdivision and multifamily project site planning should emphasize the needs of pedestrians and cyclists rather than cars. Street layout New public streets and sidewalks should be aligned with, and be connected to those of adjacent developments to interconnect the community. Pedestrian orientation. Subdivision design should emphasize pedestrian connectivity within each project, to adjacent neighborhoods, nearby schools and parks, and to transit stops within 1/4-mile of planned residential areas. All streets and walkways should be BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 34

38 designed to provide safe and pleasant conditions for pedestrians, including the disabled, and cyclists. Developments should be configured to the extent possible to face streets and not back up to them. Single-Family developments that back up to an arterial should be prohibited from putting walls taller than 42 inches against a sidewalk or street. Subdivisions should conform to the recommended Fence and Wall requirements per Section I-G Multifamily Residential Design Handbook which require a 10-foot buffer of screen landscaping between the lot line and any tall fence. The Handbook s other landscaping recommendations plant materials and maintenance should also apply particularly for Maintenance Assurance Device (MAD) in case there is a maintenance issue in the critical first two years after planting. Block length. The length of block faces between intersecting streets should be as short as possible, ideally no more than 400 feet, to enhance pedestrian connectivity. Street width and design speed. Streets within neighborhoods should be no wider than needed to accommodate parking and two low-speed travel lanes. Streets in new subdivisions should be designed to accommodate traffic speeds of 25 miles per hour or less, with most streets in a subdivision designed for lower speeds. NOTE A citywide street improvement guide would be a very useful tool to guide street design in a variety of local contexts; To provide more predictability for applicants, staff, and the community see Chapter 5 Special Considerations). Parkway/planting strips. Sidewalks should be separated from curbs by parkway strips of at least five feet in width. The parkways should be planted with canopy trees at an interval appropriate to the species of the selected street tree that will produce a continuously shaded sidewalk. The parkways should also be planted with ground covers and other plant materials that will withstand pedestrian traffic. Again, see note above and Chapter 5 Special Considerations. Access to open areas. Single-loaded streets (those with residential development on one side and open space on the other) should be used to provide public access to, and visibility of natural open spaces, public parks, and neighborhood schools, as well as a means for buffering homes from parks and schools. Where single-loaded streets are not feasible or desirable, other methods that provide similar access and visibility may be used, including private streets, bike and pedestrian paths, or the placement of private common open space or recreation facilities adjacent to the public open space. Cul-de-sac streets. The use of cul-de-sac streets should be avoided wherever possible. If cul-de-sacs are necessary, the end of each cul-de-sac should provide a pedestrian walkway and bikeway between private parcels to link with an adjacent cul-de-sac, street, and/or park, school, or open space area. Alleys. Alleys may be provided for garage access, otherwise individual lots should be wide enough to accommodate garages at the side or rear of the lot, so that appearance of the street frontage is not dominated by garages and pavement. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 35

39 Open Space and Natural Features Providing open space and integrating natural features into a residential project can significantly increase the appreciation of residents in their neighborhoods, provide safe places for children and families to play, and maintain a strong sense of connection with the surrounding natural environment in the city as a whole. Natural amenities (such as views, mature trees, creeks, riparian corridors, rock outcrops, and similar features) should be preserved and incorporated into proposed development to the greatest extent feasible. Reduced density and the clustering of units in hillside areas is encouraged as a means of achieving this goal. Development adjacent to parks or other public open spaces should be designed to provide maximum visibility of these areas. Development on hillsides should generally follow the natural terrain contour. Stepped building pads, larger lot sizes, and setbacks should be used to preserve the general shape of natural land forms and to minimize grade differentials with adjacent streets and with adjoining properties. Public access and visibility to creeks, and the separation of residences and other uses from creeks should be provided through the use of single-loaded frontage roads in combination with multi-use trails. Pedestrian access to and along creeks and riparian corridors may need to be restricted to flatter areas (e.g. beyond top of bank, natural benches) where grading needs and erosion potential are minimal, and where sensitive environmental resources require protection. Refine as necessary per adopted Shoreline Management Plans, Critical Areas Ordinances, and Public Access plans. Single-Family Detached Developments Replace minimum lot size provision with a maximum average density provision per development site. This gives applicants some extra flexibility in configuring lots, particularly on larger sites, as long as they provide for permitted housing types. (For instance, multifamily dwellings may be prohibited in particular single-family detached zones). Lot Design Flexibility Subdivisions within the Planned and to a lesser extent Cluster designations have opportunities to vary from conventional lot standards whether it s lot configurations, access, or specific setbacks. Based on increasing pressures to create smaller lot sizes and on the success of alternative subdivision design in other communities, we suggest that residential subdivision applicants be given the opportunity to depart from the conventional street design and setback as long as the subdivision meets Comprehensive Plan goals, conforms to the subdivision design guideline principles suggested above, does not exceed the density of the zoning district, and conforms to other applicable design standards. Below and on the following pages are two alternative subdivision configurations for singlefamily detached dwellings that should be permitted in any Single-Family Detached (currently RS designation) district. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 36

40 Single-Family Detached Dwelling Unit Courtyard Access Lot Definition: A single-family detached dwelling unit located on an interior lot that features vehicular access from a Courtyard Access drive located on an easement. The term Courtyard Access Development includes both the lots served by the Courtyard Access and the streetfront lots on Figure 20: Example of courtyard which the Courtyard Access passes through. Examples of housing. this type of development have been built in planned communities in Issaquah, Bellevue, and Redmond. They are an alternative form of subdivision design that can increase the amount of density. Where Permitted: Courtyard Access Lot configurations should be permitted in any zoning district that permits single-family detached dwelling units (including the current RS zone). Density: As specified on the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Approval Process: Administrative same as for all single-family detached dwelling units. Development Standards Subdivision and Access: Minimum number of lots served by a Courtyard Access: Two. Exception: Separate driveways for the streetfront and single Courtyard Access Lot may be permitted if the combined driveway widths do not exceed 25% of the lot s frontage width. This provides for flag lot type configurations with shared driveways. Separate driveways should be allowed where there is sufficient street frontage. Maximum number of lots served by a Courtyard Access: Five. If there are more than five lots involved, the access becomes more of an actual street. Maximum length of a Courtyard Access should be no more than 100 feet (or as required by local fire department) to maintain appropriate Fire/Safety access from the public street. Close review with Fire Department to determine the most appropriate length. Most regional examples The surface width of a Courtyard Access should be at least 12 feet. Most Puget Sound examples are12 to 16 feet in width (Issaquah, Redmond, Bellevue). Due to the limited length of these drives, a wider surface is both unnecessary (safety and function) and undesirable (aesthetics). An easement at least 20 feet in width should be secured over applicable parcels to allow Courtyard Access Lots legal access from the public street. A maintenance agreement shall be required for all applicable lots and must be recorded on the final plot. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 37

41 Figure 21: Courtyard Access Lot examples. The site plan shows how four lots/houses could be configured on a 15,600SF site. Development Standards Individual Units: Development on Courtyard Access Lots is subject to the same development standards as a Single-Family Detached Dwelling Units (depending on their lot size: Large, Medium, or Small), with the exception of the following: Setbacks Side and rear yards for all lots in a Courtyard Access Development shall be determined by the director as part of the subdivision process and noted on the Final Plat. Courtyard Access Lots (those lots not fronting on the street) should be subject to Side Yard setback requirements on three sides (they are not subject to front yard setbacks since they do not front on the street). See the site plan above for an example the unique configuration requires special flexibility. In these examples, the traditional back yard is located on the side of the properties. Lots fronting on the street should be subject to the regular front yard setbacks for single-family homes. Garages for Courtyard Access Lots should be placed, to the extent possible, so they are not visible from the street. Rationale/Discussion: This has been an increasingly common subdivision option for planned developments in Redmond, Kirkland, Bellevue, and Snoqualmie Ridge. All examples that we ve researched were approved as part of a planned development process, thus the option is not written into codes. By providing this as a standard subdivision option rather than only part of a lengthier planned development process, the City can encourage this development type in new or existing neighborhoods. The Courtyard Access Lot configuration provides a great alternative to long skinny lots particularly in infill situations with 120-foot-plus deep lots. The recommended minimum lot width requirements (between 40 and 60 feet) would encourage Courtyard Housing Developments. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 38

42 Single-Family Detached Dwelling Unit Zero Lot Line Definition: A configuration of single-family detached dwelling units that features no interior side yard on one side. This is a common form of housing in older parts of Bellingham particularly where lots are small and alleys are present. The definition also should allows Zipper Lot configurations. Where Permitted: Zero Lot Line configurations should be permitted in any zoning district that permits single-family detached dwelling units (including the current RS zone). Although they are most conducive to Small Lots, the configuration should be an option anywhere as part of the subdivision process. They are now only permitted in select Cluster Detached areas. Density: As specified on the Official Bellingham Zoning Map. Approval Process: Administrative same as for all single-family detached dwelling units. Development Standards: Dwelling units may be placed on one interior side property line. The opposite side yard shall be at least 10 feet. Accessory buildings shall conform to the yard requirements for the dwelling unit. Privacy. In order to maintain privacy, no windows, doors, air conditioning units, or any other types of openings in the walls along a zero lot line shall be allowed except where such openings do not allow for visibility into the side yard of the adjacent lot, such as a clerestory skylight or obscured window. Eaves along a zero lot line may project a maximum of 18 inches over the adjacent property line. All structures built with zero lot lines must be surveyed and staked by a licensed surveyor prior to pouring of the foundations (existing requirement - keep). Rationale/Discussion: Again, since bulk/density of zero lot Figure 22: Example of zero lot line configuration development is the same as in a traditional line housing. detached single-family development, they should be permitted everywhere in the subdivision process to provide flexibility in design. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 39

43 Recommended Standards for Lot Frontages and Widths The recommendations below provide base standards that are compatible with the recommended development standards for single-family detached dwellings and duplexes. Note that there should be some flexibility with these standards per the recommended Subdivision Design Guidelines. Table 6. Lot width and Street Frontage Recommendations for Single-Family Detached and Duplex Uses. Current Standards Lots >7,200SF Lots 5,000SF to 7,199SF Lots <5,000SF Rationale/Discussion Minimum Interior Lot Width 60 for 7,200sf lots; 55 for 6,875sf lots; 50 for 6,000sf lots; 50 for 5,000sf lots; 40 for <5,000sf lots 60; 30 where alleys are present 50; 30 where alleys are present 40; 25 where alleys are present With the exception of alley-served lots, these standards are very similar to the existing requirements. The presence of alleys frees up space needed for driveways and garages in the front yard and along the sides of a house thus providing more flexibility in the width of lots. Minimum Street Frontage (1) 30 /15 with pipe stems 50; 40 where shared driveways are provided; 30 where alleys are present 40; 30 where shared driveways are provided; 25 where alleys are present 40; 30 where shared driveways are provided; 20 where alleys are present Current standards are producing too many narrow lot subdivisions dominated by driveways and garages. The intent behind these strict standards are to promote Courtyard Access Lots as a better alternative than skinny lots or flag lots. Table Notes (1) The difference between the minimum interior lot width and street frontage reflects the need for wedge-shaped lots on curving streets or cul-de-sacs. Comments and Recommendations on Other Existing Subdivision Terms Cluster (lots) Current Definition: As used within the RS general use type, "cluster" shall refer to a lot or lots that may have less site area than that which is otherwise required, but which maintains the same overall density due to the provision of common open space. Unless the area is designated "cluster detached" or "cluster attached", buildings constructed upon cluster lots must meet standard setback requirements unless abutting open space. Proposal/Discussion: Existing definition still applies with the proposed changes at least temporarily. It is the intention of the proposed changes to phase this term out as each district would be some form of cluster zoning - specifying an overall density limit and indicating the BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 40

44 combination of housing types that would be allowed in that district as long as the overall density is not exceeded. Cluster Attached Current Definition: When used in conjunction with the RS general use type, this term shall refer to a cluster lot upon which is, or may be, constructed a single-family dwelling unit. This dwelling unit may be constructed such that it shares a common wall with a main structure on an abutting cluster lot under conditions specified herein. Recommendation/Discussion: See Townhome recommendations. Cluster Detached Current Definition: When used in conjunction with the RS general use type, this term shall refer to a cluster lot upon which is, or may be, constructed a single-family dwelling unit. This dwelling unit cannot be physically connected in any manner to another main building on an abutting lot, but may utilize a zero interior side yard under conditions specified herein. In no case shall the exterior wall of main buildings on cluster detached lots be closer than 10 feet to each other Recommendation /Discussion: This essentially refers to a type of detached single-family dwelling. Cluster Subdivision Current Definition: A subdivision into five or more lots in which standard requirements may be modified in order to provide desirable open space, recreational opportunity or achieve other significant public benefits without increasing the overall density of dwelling units per acre as provided in this ordinance and the applicable neighborhood plan. [Ord , 1997; Prior code ] BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 41

45 5. Special Considerations Determining Maximum Density in Single-Family Developments The current system of zoning provides minimum lot size for single-family detached units or maximum dwelling units per acre for multifamily dwellings. This generally encourages all lot sizes to be about the same size since there is no opportunity to go below the minimum unless the property features a clustering or planned development designations. Clustering opportunities should be considered on a much wider basis to provide flexibility in infill lots, for instance. Therefore, we suggest replacing the minimum lot size provision for designated Single-Family Detached zoning districts (now the SR designation) with a maximum average density provision that would apply to individual development sites. This gives applicants some extra flexibility in configuring lots, particularly on larger sites as long as they provide for permitted housing types (for instance, multifamily dwellings may be prohibited in particular single-family detached oriented zones). Determining Maximum Density in Multifamily Developments The current system of zoning provides for a maximum number of dwelling units per acre for multifamily dwellings. While this is typical of how most communities measure density, we re increasingly discovering some major drawbacks that warrant attention, such as: Maximum dwelling unit per acre measurement does not recognize a difference between a studio apartment and a 3-bedroom apartment even though the sizes and impacts are likely to be much different. This is important since there are far more 1 bedroom apartments built today than 2 bedroom units. Maximum dwelling unit per acre measurement may also prevent more desirable housing types. For example, an RM district with a maximum of 30 dwelling units per acre will allow 3-story walk-up apartments served by surface parking. A higher density might make structured or underground parking financially feasible even if the height limit (most zones are now 35 feet) remains the same. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 42

46 Example of Problem with Current Density Measurement The current RM zoning districts cap density and lot coverage in a way that encourages walk-up apartments with large amounts of surface parking (illustrated below left). The development illustrated below right, which is built into a hillside and features hidden parking underneath the units, would not be allowed under current RM zoning due to its high unit count. Although both structures are the same height, the development on the right features approximately twice the density, largely because the underground parking frees up land for more building and open space. Figure 23: Typical walk-up apartment Figure 24: Desirable multifamily development Recommendations/Alternatives Here are some alternative approaches that should be considered to encourage desirable housing types. Some approaches can be combined whereas others are exclusive. Multifamily developments (first preference) Allow departures from the maximum dwelling unit per acre provision through a Design Review Process. This departure provision should allow applicants to exceed the density limit and/or depart from particular design standards as long as they meet the goals and objectives of the Comprehensive Plan and the Intent Statements of the Multifamily Residential Design Handbook (see Chapter V of this document for suggested changes to the Design Guidelines). The Design Review Process would require creation of an appointed Design Review Board (DRB) consisting of professionals of design-related fields. The DRB would review projects against the same Multifamily Residential Design Handbook as Staff for regular multifamily projects, but would provide extra flexibility to applicants in how they meet the Intent Statements of the Design Guidelines. Stakeholders involved in this process have expressed an interest in using a DRB of appointed design professionals to review projects, both to provide more flexibility and to enhance the design of projects. Through our consultant work in other communities such as Seattle and Everett, we ve heard that developers and design professionals prefer a DRB departure option even if the approval process takes a little longer. Thus, the increase in density is worth it, and the overall design of projects has been better on average. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 43

47 Multifamily developments (second preference) Eliminate the maximum dwelling unit per acre provision. This could be considered where height limits, floor-area ratio (FAR), parking requirements, and other design standards/guidelines are sufficient to ensure that new development appropriately fits the context. For transitional areas intended for only compact single-family or low-density type multifamily, a particular district could limit the types of uses to duplexes, cottages, and townhouses. In this and any other scenario, it is critical to make sure that the FAR limits and related regulations allow for the types of housing that are desired or acceptable in particular neighborhoods (see Appendix B, Housing Type Brochures, for typical density ranges for the various housing types). A variation of this approach would be to require design review by a DRB as described in the first preference option for all multifamily developments as another way to ensure that developments would fit appropriately into their context. Multifamily developments (third preference) Adjust the maximum dwelling units per acre measurement in individual districts to make sure that the regulations encourage the types of housing that are desired in the neighborhoods. (Again, see Appendix B, Housing Type Brochures). Again, keep in mind that height limits, FAR limits, parking requirements, and other design standards/ guidelines will go a long way in restricting the overall density. Multifamily developments (fourth preference) Provide bonuses for developments that provide in-structure or underground parking. For example, developments that provide more than 75% of their parking enclosed within the first floor of a residential structure could be eligible for density bonuses of up to 50%. Developments that provide all of their parking underground could be eligible for density bonuses of up to 100%. Again, see Appendix B, Housing Type Brochures, to make sure the bonuses are sufficient to promote desirable housing types. Multifamily developments (fifth preference) Allow smaller multifamily dwelling units, such as studio and one bedroom apartments, to count as a fraction of a dwelling unit. Example: Studio apartment: 0.50 unit 1 Bedroom unit: 0.75 unit All other units: 1.00 unit This approach assumes that smaller units are likely to have reduced bulk, transportation and service impacts than larger units or typical single-family developments. If any of the above options prove to be too controversial, this might be a reasonable option that has been used in other communities. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 44

48 Approach to Mixed-Use Existing Conditions Some commercial and mixed-use zoning districts allow single purpose multifamily residential uses while others allow multifamily uses only where ground floor retail is provided. Problems Regulations that require mixed-use when the market doesn t support it results most often results in zero development. Where there is a strong residential market, developers often provide the required retail space which may stay vacant for an extended period. Suggestions Ground floor retail should be required only on select commercial streets where there is a strong market for retail uses. Permitting office uses on the ground floor provides more development opportunities. Ground floor residential uses should be allowed on secondary streets in Commercial and Mixed-Use districts. Where ground floor retail uses are desirable in the long run but the market isn t there yet zoning could require streetfront buildings that feature ground floor residential as long as the ground floor features 15-foot floor to ceiling heights (and thus adaptable as quality retail space in the future). Proposed development regulations require ground floor residential uses near the sidewalk to be placed at least 3 feet above the level of the sidewalk to provide increased privacy for residential units. Figure 25: Recommendations for street level residential uses on streets where retail uses are desirable in the longer term. The 15-foot floor to ceiling height provides the opportunity to convert to retail uses in the long run. In the short run, a temporary raised floor provides more privacy for ground floor residents. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 45

49 6. Definitions Dwelling Unit Existing Definition: A single unit providing complete, independent living facilities for 1 family including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation. Problems/Issues: Review for compatibility with other definitions and regulations existing and proposed. Complications with the use of the term family as code now allows up to three unrelated people living in a dwelling unit. Staff requested consideration of more specific information such as whether the rooms are connected internally and whether there is a limit on the number of kitchens and/or the size of the unit. This is a key issue for detached single family homes and duplexes near the University where relatively large structures can now be built under current requirements with a large number of bedrooms. As individual rooms are often rented out to individuals or couples, there can be a large number of vehicles that are owned by the residents of a single unit thus there can be substantial impacts to the immediate area. Recommended Options and Rationale: 1. Keep the existing definition. RATIONALE: There appear to be no fatal flaws to the current definition. The proposed 0.45 FAR limits for new single family detached homes and duplexes would directly address the mega-house/duplex issue. However, the definition still would not address the family, internal connectivity issues, and kitchen issues. 2. A building, or portion thereof, wholly accessible within itself and directly accessible from the outside or through a common hall, designed and used as a residence for occupancy by one family including permanent provisions for sleeping, cooking and sanitation. Consider replacing family with household which is defined by the US Census as all persons occupying a housing unit. RATIONALE: This definition addresses the internal connectivity issue and specifies that a unit can be a detached or attached structure. This doesn t appear to be a critical issue, however, since the existing definition does not specifically exclude either type, and additional definitions for each housing types would alleviate any potential problems. 3. A structure or portion of a structure designed, occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters with cooking, sleeping and sanitary facilities provided for the exclusive use of a single household. RATIONALE: This definition doesn t mention internal connectivity directly, but clearly references separate living quarters for the exclusive use. Again, the word household could be replaced with family if needed. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 46

50 Discussion: Despite obvious similarities, the definition of dwelling unit is different in every community we researched. Most other municipalities contain multiple definitions of a dwelling unit based on specific types of housing (single family, multifamily, etc.). Limiting the number of kitchens? By specifying use by one family or use by single household should be sufficient at least for reviewing permits. The issue is problematic to enforce in non-permitted renovations. Family Existing Definition: One or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption living together within a single dwelling unit. A family may include domestic servants, and not more than 2 guests residing for a temporary time. A family may not, in any case, consist of more than three unrelated persons. Family foster homes, interim family foster homes (where there is a permanent live in supervisor), and adult family homes as defined under Washington State law or administrative code shall be considered within the definition of family. Problems/Issues: Review for compatibility with other definitions and regulations existing and proposed. Controversy and complications associated with allowing/limiting the number of unrelated people living in a dwelling unit. As demographics are changing (smaller family sizes and the increase of non-traditional family units) and housing prices continue to rise, the number of local housing units occupied by groups of unrelated individuals is more likely to increase than decrease. Also, the requirement is nearly impossible to enforce. Recommended Options and Rationale: Any number of related individuals, or not more than X (3-8?) unrelated individuals, living together in a dwelling unit as a single, nonprofit housekeeping unit. RATIONALE: This is a simplified version of the definition. It assumes that the language involving foster homes is unnecessary as it s required by State law to be included within the definition. Also, use of the term nonprofit housekeeping unit, which was used in other communities, may provide increased protection against a dwelling unit s use as a hotel or motel. Additional language that might be added: For purposes of this definition and notwithstanding any other provision of this Code, children with familial status within the meaning of Title 42 United States Code, Section 3602(k) and persons with handicaps within the meaning of Title 42 United States Code, Section 3602(h) will not be counted as unrelated persons. Again, we may find that it is unecessary to include this in the definition since it s already required. Discussion: Most examples allow from 3 to 8 unrelated individuals in the definition. Some communities refer to household rather than family and thus have no defined limit in the number of unrelated persons living in a single dwelling unit. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 47

51 Grade Existing Definition: The natural or legally created grade approved by the City prior to August 1, 2002 or as subsequently approved by a preliminary plat, planned development or binding site plan. If buildings are demolished, the existing grade at their exterior walls shall be construed as the existing grade across the remaining foundation excavation. On any lot exhibiting evidence of fill not authorized, the Building Official or Director may require the applicant to provide a professional soil analysis to determine the existing grade. An approved benchmark shall be used to establish the relative elevation of the natural topography. In Commercial and Industrial General Use Types, if walls are parallel to, and within 5' of a city sidewalk, the mean sidewalk elevation shall be considered the existing grade. Problems/Issues: Review for compatibility with other definitions (particularly the height definition and regulations existing and proposed. Current height limits have been controversial often seen as too high in single family areas and both too high and too low in commercial areas depending upon the viewpoint. The definition of grade is critical in determining how the height limits are measured. Recommendation and Rationale: 1. Retain the existing definition. RATIONALE: Although the current definition is wordy, it covers the essentials and contains no fatal flaws. Any changes should be focused on the height definition and related standards that regulate height. Discussion: Also see discussion on the next page under Height. Height Existing Definition: a. Definition 1: The vertical distance from the lowest existing grade at the wall of the building to the highest point of the coping of a flat roof or to the average height of the highest gable of a pitch or hip roof; OR b. Definition 2: The vertical distance measured from the highest existing grade on the building site within 20' (measured horizontally) of the building to the highest point on the coping of a flat roof or the average elevation of the highest gable of a pitch or hip roof. Problems/Issues: Review for compatibility with other definitions and regulations existing and proposed. Current definition allows for considerable bulk on the downhill side of sloped sites. The specific definition is critical to height limits for commercial and mixed-use buildings in Fairhaven, which are typically three stories in height. Having two definitions is unnecessary. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 48

52 Recommendation and Rationale: Replace existing definitions with the following: 1. The vertical distance measured from the average grade around the exterior walls of the structure to the highest point of a roof. RATIONALE: This is a simple definition that uses the average natural or approved grade (per existing grade definition) on the ground that the structure sits on. Such an average by its nature will limit the downhill bulk (at least more so than the existing definitions). Proposed Exclusions: Antennas, lightning rods, plumbing stacks, flagpoles, electrical service leads, chimneys and fireplaces and other similar appurtenances, where permitted, may extend to a maximum of five feet above the height allowed for the main structure. Other exclusion language to consider for mixed-use and non-residential structures: structural elements not intended for habitation and not exceeding 5 feet above the maximum building height including (all of the elements described above plus:) penthouses for mechanical and elevator equipment, wireless communication facility antenna arrays, mechanical and elevator equipment, and parapet walls designed solely to screen mechanical and elevator equipment. Some communities allow up to 15 feet for these features which may be viable downtown or any other areas with height limits over 5 stories, but in most areas with standard 35-foot limits, the 5-foot provision seems more appropriate. Yard Existing Definition: A minimum depth of open space which lies between a lot line and an object being required to be setback. Building eaves, or decks may penetrate into yards. a. Front Yard: A yard extending across the full width and lying adjacent to the front lot line. b. Side Yard: A yard extending from the front yard to the rear yard except in the case of a corner lot when the side yard on the flanking street shall extend to the rear property line. c. Rear Yard: A yard which extends across the full width and lying adjacent to, the rear lot line except as provided above in the side yard definition. Problems/Issues: Review for compatibility with other definitions and regulations existing and proposed. Discussion: As discussed earlier, we re suggesting changing setbacks so they are measured from the property line and not the center of the street. This will also be consistent with the definition of yard. Make sure that there is consistency with the definition in Title 18: "Building setback line" means a line parallel to the front property line in front of which no structure shall be erected. The location of such line is determined from the regulations of Title 20, the Land Use Development Ordinance. [Ord , 1997; Prior code ] BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 49

53 Proposed Definitions: 1. Yard: An open space between the building and the lot line. The required yard depth is measured perpendicularly from a lot line to the outer wall of the structure. In the case where a structure does not have an outer wall, such as a carport, the measurement shall be to the posts of such structure, unless otherwise determined by the Planning Director. This definition keeps it simple and defines how the measurement is taken, so it s not repeated several times later on. 2. Types of yards: Front Yard: The yard which separates the structure(s) from a street. (Consistent with street definition in BMC) For through lots, corner lots, and lots without street frontage, the front yard will be determined by the Planning Director. The current definition for lot line notes that on corner lots the builder/owner shall have the option of selecting which lot line shall be the front lot line, the other lot line abutting the intersecting street shall become a flanking street side lot line. Rear Yard: The yard opposite the front yard. Where a lot abuts an alley, the rear yard shall always be the yard abutting the alley. For irregularly shaped lots, the rear yard shall be determined by the Planning Director. Side Yard on a Flanking Street: The yard which is neither a front yard nor a rear yard, yet it abuts a street. See notes above. Side Yard: The yard which is not a front yard, a side yard on a flanking street, or a rear yard. 3. Create a Setback Definition. The term is not currently defined since the various yard terms are used instead. However, the term is used for recommendations for garage setbacks. Proposal: The distance between any building and the lot line. Projections into Required Yards: Existing Exceptions: Landscaping structures and unroofed stairways or steps may protrude into a required yard. A balcony and/or deck may also protrude into a required yard if it is unroofed, unwalled and has a floor surface with spacing between members to allow the elements (sun, rain, snow, etc.) to pass through to the ground. Proposed Exceptions: The following projections may extend into any required yard: Covered porches and nonhabitable entry features may project 6 feet into the front yard setback. (See notes in Chapter 1) Uncovered porches and decks not exceeding 18 inches above the finished grade (rear and side yards only). RATIONALE - if it s close to the ground, it will minimize privacy impacts and should be permitted also keep in mind that projects will need to meet impervious surface standards) Building stairs less than 42 inches in height may project up to 10 feet into the front yard. (This allows for stairs that access front porches). BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 50

54 One uninhabited structure less than 10 feet high and 120 square feet in footprint area, such as a storage shed or greenhouse, may be located within the required rear or side yard setback. Fire place structures, bay or garden windows, enclosed stair landings, closets, or similar structures, except into a side yard setback that is less than five feet, provided such projections are: Limited to two per facade; Not wider than 10 feet (individually); Not more than 24 inches into a side yard setback; or Not more than 30 inches into a front and rear yard setback. Eaves, provided the projections are not more than: Eighteen inches into a required side yard setback; Thirty-six inches into a front yard and/or rear yard setback. Balconies on multi-family dwellings may project up to 5 feet into any yard that faces a street. Underground parking may extend into any required yard provided the ground level meets applicable access and landscaping requirements. Gutters, on-site drainage systems, and fixtures not exceeding 3 square feet in area (e.g., overflow pipes for sprinkler and hot water tanks, gas and electric meters, alarm systems, and air duct termination; i.e., dryer, bathroom, and kitchens). No projections are allowed into a regional utility corridor. No projections are allowed into an access easement. Floor Area Existing Definition: The sum of the gross horizontal area of the floor or floors of the building, measured from the exterior faces of the exterior walls, including elevator shafts and stairwells on each floor and areas having a ceiling height of 7½' or more, but excluding all parking and loading spaces, cellars, unroofed areas, roofed areas open on 2 or more sides, areas having a ceiling height of less than 7½' and areas used exclusively for storage or housing of mechanical or central heating equipment. Problems/Issues: Review for compatibility with other definitions and regulations existing and proposed. Staff comments: Remove ceiling height and storage exemption make it uniform and clear coordinate parking and other regulations based on floor area. Try for a simple, gross floor area definition that will work for most functions regulated by floor area. Discussion: Many communities have definitions for gross floor area and net floor area. It all depends on what you use the definition for. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 51

55 The term floor area is now referenced in 2 parts of the residential code: 1) maximum single family house size; and 2) maximum accessory dwelling unit size. However, in BMC, Parking, parking requirements for commercial uses mention both floor area and gross floor area (although there is no definition of floor area). Parking standards for commercial uses should reference floor area where necessary, since the standards should be based on usable space. We ll want to add a Floor area ratio definition based on our chosen floor area definition: A measure of development intensity which is the floor area (net) divided by the lot area. Proposed Change/Options: Floor Area, Gross: The sum of the gross horizontal areas of all floors of a building measured from the exterior face of each wall, including any floors below grade. This includes all parking and mechanical areas as well. Floor Area: Gross Floor Area minus stairwells, elevator shafts, mechanical equipment rooms, interior vehicular parking or loading, and all floors below grade. The following calculation must be used to determine applicable floor area when a floor is partially below grade: Portion of Excluded Basement Floor Area = Total Basement Area x Σ (Wall Segment Coverage x Wall Segment Length) Total of all Wall Segment lengths Where the terms are defined as follows: TOTAL BASEMENT AREA is the total amount of all basement floor area. WALL SEGMENT COVERAGE is the portion of an exterior wall below existing grade. It is expressed as a percentage. (Refer to example.) WALL SEGMENT LENGTH is the horizontal length of each exterior wall in feet. Figure 26: Example of basement floor area calculation. RATIONALE: While it would simplify the definition of floor area by including basement areas, the inclusion makes determination of the maximum house size more problematic. With this definition, the focus is on the above ground bulk. The basement calculation and graphic are based on Mercer Island s regulations. While floor area excludes basement areas, parking regulations for office and commercial uses will need to be based on floor area plus basement areas that serve the public since those spaces require parking areas. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 52

56 Story Existing Definition: That portion of a building included between the upper surface of any floor and the upper surface of the floor next above, except that the topmost story shall be that portion of a building included between the upper surface of the topmost floor and the ceiling or roof above. If the finished floor level directly above a basement, cellar, or unused under-floor space is more than 6' above grade, as defined in the building code adopted by the City, or more than 50% of the total perimeter or is more than 12' above grade as defined at any point, such basement, cellar or unused under floor space shall be considered a story. Problems/Discussion: The term is now used only in the setbacks component of the RM Chapter. Staff has noted some problems associated with its application there. Many communities do not have a definition for story, while the ones that do have essentially the same definition as Bellingham. Likewise, if we eliminate the term s use in the regulations, then we don t need to define it. Proposed Change/Options: Delete the definition and refer to the proposed setback requirement changes for multi-family uses in the development standards chart. Lot/Lot of Record/Site Area Existing Definitions: Lot (Title 20): A parcel of land of at least sufficient size to meet minimum requirements for development of an allowed use pursuant to the applicable regulations for the area in which it is located. Such lot shall abut a street or cul-de-sac (THIS DEFINITION WOULD EXCLUDE LOTS WITH COURTYARD ACCESS OR ANY OTHER PRIVATE ACCESS ROAD) and may consist of either: a. A single lot of record; b. A portion of a lot of record; legally divided; c. A parcel of land described by metes and bounds, legally divided; d. A combination of adjacent and contiguous lots of record and/or parcels of land legally divided or consolidated. Lot (Title 18): "Lot" means a fractional part of subdivided lands having fixed boundaries being of sufficient area and dimension to meet minimum zoning requirements for width and area. "Lot" includes tracts or parcels of land. (Ord , 1997; Prior code ) Lot of Record: A lot as shown on an officially approved and recorded plat, short plat, or subdivision, or a parcel of land recorded with the County Auditor prior to August 17, The definition in title 18 is the same. Site Area: The measured square footage of any lot, or contiguous number of lots, or parcels of land to be utilized by a single development. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 53

57 Problems/Issues: Review for compatibility with other definitions and regulations existing and proposed. Definition does not allow for Courtyard Access Lots described in Chapter 2 which abut a private access. Discussion: Note the different Lot definitions above. Ultimately, we need to make sure that the definition does not prohibit the types of housing units that we are proposing Proposed Change/Options: Lot (Title 20): A parcel of land of at least sufficient size to meet minimum requirements for development of an allowed use pursuant to the applicable regulations for the area in which it is located. Such lot shall abut a street, or cul-de-sac, or other approved access and may consist of either.again, the definition should provide for housing types that are desired by the City see Problems/Issues above. Impervious Area Existing Definition (from the Lake Whatcom Regulatory Chapter): Impervious Area - An artificially created surface that restricts the infiltration of water into the underlying soil or earth surface to a rate less than 1/4 of an inch per hour, when dry or unsaturated. Impervious areas include: a. Asphalt, concrete, bound aggregates, solid sheet building materials, metal, composition or synthetic surfaces that cover the soil/earth; b. The exterior perimeter of all building foot prints; c. Shelters including free standing fabric covered frames such as those intended for garden, tool, vehicle, boat or RV storage. Impervious Area does not include: d. Roof eave overhangs of two feet or less; e. Cantilever wall overhangs of one foot or less; f. The open, uncovered use of gravel having an aggregate size of 3/4" or greater; g. Existing natural soil, rock outcrops and geologic strata that have not been filled or compacted. Discussion/Recommendation: If this is working, it should be moved to Title 20 and apply to the recommended changes. The Pervious and Pervious System definitions from the Lake Whatcom regulations could also be added. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page 54

58 Appendix A Comment and Suggestions on Applicable Development Standards Comments on existing code material in italics below. City of Bellingham Municipal Code Landscaping NOTE: See Recommended Landscaping Standards and Guidelines in Appendix C, Multifamily Residential Development Handbook. Some of that material particularly the recommended landscaping Types and any other standards that might apply to more than just residential development, might be moved to a consolidated Landscaping Ordinance that covers all new development. Generally, material below that conflicts with the recommendations in Appendix C, Multifamily Residential Development Handbook should be deleted. Comments and recommendations are in italics. A. General Provisions (1) The provisions of this section shall apply to all new construction and to remodeling when the cost of remodeling exceeds 50% of the assessed valuation of the structure to the extent that there is space available. (2) Prior to issuance of a building permit, a scaled landscape site plan shall be submitted and approved by the Planning Department consistent with the provisions herein. Said plan shall specify specie name, size and location. In Section II-A of the Handbook we suggest such plans be prepared by a Licensed Landscape Architect or Washingtoncertified Professional Horticulturalist. See Appendix C for details. (3) Landscaping pursuant to the approved site plan shall either be installed or bonded for (in an amount no less than 150% of cost of material and installation) prior to issuance of a certificate of occupancy or if no certificate is required prior to final inspection approval. (4) Existing trees which will be saved and which meet the minimum specification herein specified, shall count toward meeting the requirements herein, provided they are of an acceptable species as to their location. (5) The maintenance of all required landscaping shall be a continuing obligation. In section II-D of the Handbook we suggest a maintenance assurance device (MAD) to ensure maintenance. See Appendix C for details. B. Requirements (See Figure 21) BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page A-1

59 (1) Street Trees. One street tree shall be provided for every 50' of street frontage abutting the property. Said trees shall be installed adjacent to the right of way within the property lines or within the right of way subject to the approval of the Public Works and Parks Department. In chapter 1 we suggest that a citywide street improvement plan be developed that addresses appropriate roadway, landscaping, and sidewalk standards. Trees in the planting strips should be placed 30 feet on-center with exceptions for driveways. (2) Garbage receptacle areas shall be screened on at least two sides. (Duplexes are exempt from this requirement.) Delete and refer to the Handbook. (3) A minimum on 25% of the required open space shall be landscaped. Delete and refer to the Handbook (4) Parking (a) For every 10 open parking spaces, one tree shall be installed around the facility perimeter. These trees may be grouped or spread lineally. Delete and refer to the Handbook (b) Separation areas as required in Chapter D(4) shall be landscaped. Delete and refer to the Handbook (c) Areas between the parking facility and adjacent property as required in Chapter D(3) and (5) shall be landscaped if the adjacent property is of the same general use type. If the adjacent property is of a different general use type, said area shall be screened. Delete and refer to the Handbook (5) One tree shall be required for every 25' of freeway frontage abutting the property and shall be installed along that frontage. OK. (6) Outside storage areas shall be screened. Delete and refer to the Handbook C. Standards (1) Trees (a) Species i. Street Trees. As recommended in the Bellingham Street Tree Plan and approved by the Parks Department. See comments above. ii. Other Required Trees. Species shall be native to the area or recognized as being easily adaptable to the climate. (b) Size (unless otherwise specified) i. Street trees shall be no less than 10' in height at time of installation with a minimum diameter of 2-1/2" measured 1' above grade. ii. Other required trees shall be no less than 6' in height at time of installation with a minimum diameter of 1" measured 1' above grade. (c) Spacing and Location BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page A-2

60 i. Street trees shall be spaced and installed as recommended in the Bellingham Street Tree Plan subject to approval of Public Works and Parks Department. ii. Other required trees may be installed where desired by the applicant within the requirements of this section. (2) General Planting (a) No landscape bed shall have artificial impervious material placed underneath the surface bed. [User information: ] (b) i. Provisions should be taken to insure each landscape bed has proper drainage. ii. The excavation pocket should be dug 12" below the root ball and 6" larger in circumference around the root ball. The excavation pocket should be filled with an approved planting mix. iii. Each excavation pocket should take provision to insure proper drainage. If the subsoil is impervious an additional foot of excavation backfilled with gravel to lower the water table should be required or an auger hole sunk down to porous material and the hole sack filled with gravel to the bottom of the planting pocket. iv. All trees over 8' high should be securely staked or guyed until the roots become established but in no case less than one year. Street trees should be staked according to the staking guidelines of the Street Tree Plan. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page A-3

61 Appendix B Housing Type Brochures The brochures on the following pages describe typical specifications, benefits, drawbacks, and illustrations for a full range of housing types appropriate for Bellingham. The brochures are intended to help the City determine which housing types are appropriate for specific areas. Furthermore, the brochures can also help the City determine whether existing zoning regulations encourage, discourage, or even prohibit specific housing types. The following housing type brochures are included as the indicated pages: Single Family - Small Lot...B-2 Single Family - Courtyard Access...B-3 Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU)...B-4 Cottage Housing...B-5 Townhouse...B-6 Walk-Up Apartments...B-7 Lowrise...B-8 Midrise...B-9 Residential Tower...B-10 Pages B-11 and B-12 illustrate most of these housing types in a neighborhood infill context. Page B-11 shows a typical city block, while B-12 shows a city block with an alley. BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page B-1

62 SINGLE FAMILY SMALL LOT Single family dwelling unit on a lot 5,000 SF or less TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Neighborhood infill or new development Anywhere single family detached housing is allowed/considered Target Demographic: Full range Construction Features: Wood-frame Site Area: Less than 5,000 SF Density: 9-20 du/acre Unit Size: 1,200-2,250 SF (2- to 4-bed) Benefits: Denser alternative to large-lot single family developments Ability to fit into existing neighborhoods on a variety of sites Smaller lot size makes them more affordable Drawbacks/Challenges: Requires special attention to building design to ensure privacy and minimize visual impacts of vehicular access Small lot example with street access and tandem garage setback behind the front wall of the house Single Family Small Lot Example (below and below left): 4,800 SF lot size 2,000 SF 1.5-story house 2 enclosed parking spaces Small Lot single family houses Driveway Plan View Ground Floor Driveway Aerial View Residential Street BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-2

63 Residential Street SINGLE FAMILY COURTYARD ACCESS 2 to 5 single family dwelling units sharing a common access driveway TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Neighborhood infill or new development Anywhere single family detached housing is allowed/considered Target Demographic: Full range Construction Features: Wood-frame Site Area: 3,000 SF and up per lot Density: 4-20 du/acre Unit Size: 1,200-3,000 SF (2- to 4-bed) Benefits: Allows for increased density in configurations that can fit well into existing neighborhoods or in new single family developments Better plat design than deep skinny lots since they minimize the number of curb cuts along a street Allows greater flexibility of site design in new single family developments Drawbacks/Challenges: Requires access easements and maintenance agreements Relatively new form of development = greater perceived risk for developers Single Family Courtyard Access Example (below): 15,600 SF site 3,900 SF per lot 4 homes up to 2,000 SF each 2 enclosed parking spaces/unit Yard 120 Courtyard housing example Yard Courtyard Access (20 wide) 130 Yard Yard Aerial View Plan view Ground Floor BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-3

64 ACCESSORY DWELLING UNIT (ADU) Additional subordinate dwelling unit on a single family lot (attached or detached) TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Attached ADU s: Anywhere single family detached housing is allowed/considered Detached ADU s: Work best where alleys are present or on large lots Target Demographic: Singles and young couples Seniors and empty nesters Construction Features: Wood-frame Site Area: All lots as long as house, ADU, and accessory structures meet setbacks and other applicable development standards Density: Up to one ADU per lot Unit Size: SF (studio to 2-bed) Benefits: Ability to fit into existing neighborhoods on a variety of sites Reduces pressure for sprawl by increasing density Blends well into existing single family neighborhoods Drawbacks/Challenges: Relatively new housing type for Bellingham, particularly detached ADUs Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) attached to primary house Typical ADU requirements: Must not exceed 800 SF or 40% of primary dwelling unit 1 ADU per house 1 additional parking space/adu No more than 2 bedrooms/adu ADU entry not visible from street (access on side or rear) ADUs above garages along an alley Alley Alley Detached Accessory Dwelling Unit (DADU) above garage Attached ADU example Detached ADU example BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-4

65 COTTAGE HOUSING Small detached houses clustered around a common open space TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Neighborhood infill Anywhere single family detached housing is allowed/considered Target Demographic: Singles Couples and young families Seniors and empty nesters Construction Features: Wood-frame Site Area: 10,000 SF and up Density: du/acre Unit Size: 600-1,200 SF (1- to 2-bed) Benefits: Increases density without the bulk of large buildings Creates a sense of community through clustering and shared open space Small building scale works well with traditional single family neighborhoods Drawbacks/Challenges: Concept is new to Bellingham community acceptance and high development risk Relatively high construction costs require development to occur in single family areas (land costs are usually to high in multifamily-zoned areas) to work Cottage Housing development example with street access Commons Residential street 200 (4 typical lots) Cottage Housing Example (below): 24,000 SF lot size 8 units private and shared parking courtyard-style common open space 120 Commons Commons Building Parking Parking Alley Residential street Site Plan Parking Side street BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-5

66 Garage Access Garage Access 120 TOWNHOUSE Single family dwelling units attached on one or more sides TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Neighborhood infill or new development Areas close to urban amenities & services Target Demographic: Singles seeking home ownership Couples and young families Seniors and empty nesters Construction Features: Wood-frame over private garage Site Area: 4,000 SF and up (3-unit infill) Density: du/acre Unit Size: 1,200-2,000 SF (2- to 3-bed) Benefits: Denser alternative to single family detached Ability to fit into existing neighborhoods on a variety of sites Opportunity for first-time home buyers Hides parking Drawbacks/Challenges: Relatively new housing type for Bellingham Neighborhood acceptance of use/density 2-story townhomes designed to look like detached units from the street Townhouse Example (below and below left): 14,400 SF lot size 1,800 SF dwelling units 3 floors 10 units 2 private parking spaces/unit 120 Residential street Open space Section Open Space Alley Plan View Ground Floor Plan View Upper Floors BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-6

67 WALK-UP APARTMENTS 3-story apartment building with surface parking TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Areas close to urban amenities & services Target Demographic: Full range Construction Features: Wood-frame with surface parking Site Area: 10,000 SF and up Density: du/acre Unit Size: 600-1,200 SF (studio to 2-bed) Benefits: Reduces pressure for sprawl by increasing density Low construction costs and local industry familiarity with housing type make them easy to build and affordable Drawbacks/Challenges: Surface parking takes up precious land and impacts visual environment Design standards and guidelines are critical in improving the quality of development Walk-up apartment example with 3 floors (surface parking to the left of the photo) Alley Walk-up Apartment Example: 16,200 SF lot size 3 floors 12 units 1.83 parking spaces/unit Parking (22 stalls) Residential Street Plan View Ground Floor BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-7

68 LOWRISE (3-over-1) 3 floors of residential over retail/office or parking TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Areas close to urban amenities & services Target Demographic: Full range Construction Features: Wood-frame, with or without a concrete base Site Area: 6,000 SF and up Density: du/acre Unit Size: 600-1,200 SF (studio to 2-bed) Benefits: Reduces pressure for sprawl by increasing density Increases pedestrian activity and vitality of immediate area Enables alternate forms of transportation Construction costs are lower than for a residential tower Height and bulk are generally compatible with neighborhoods Increased opportunities for open space due to little or no surface parking Drawbacks/Challenges: Requires more density and/or height than most areas currently allow Structured parking leads to higher rents than typical walk-up apartments Neighborhood acceptance of use/density Lowrise example with 3 floors over 1 level of parking Section Alley 120 Residential street 150 Open space Parking (27 stalls) Alley Residential 27 units (3 stories) 900SF Lowrise Example (left and above): 18,000 SF lot size 4 floors (3 residential over 1 parking) 27 units 1 parking space/unit Ground Floor Upper Floors BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-8

69 MIDRISE (5-over-1 or 4-over-1) 4 or 5 floors of residential over retail/office with underground parking TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Areas close to urban amenities & services Areas with view opportunities Areas with few or minor impacts to established residential and/or historic areas Target Demographic: Those seeking urban location & amenities and no yard responsibilities Professional singles/couples Seniors and empty nesters Construction Features: Wood-frame over a concrete base Site Area: 6,000 SF and up Density: du/acre Unit Size: 600-1,200 SF (studio to 2-bed) Benefits: residential tower Drawbacks/Challenges: Community/political will to accept higher Reduces pressure for sprawl by increasing density Increases pedestrian activity and vitality of immediate area Enables alternate forms of transportation Construction costs are lower than for a building height and density Potential impact to community character & views Higher construction costs require high rents = high risk for developers Arterial Midrise example with 5 floors over 1 level of retail and underground parking Section Alley Midrise Example (left and below): 39,000 SF lot size 6 floors (5-over-1) 90 units residential 20,000 SF retail/office 1 parking space/unit 1 parking space/400 SF retail/office 120 Retail/ Office 20,000 SF Residential 45 units (5 stories) 90 stalls stalls Open space 900 SF Arterial Alley Residential 45 units (5 stories) Side street Basement Ground Floor Upper Floors BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES Page B _Res_codes_doc_

70 RESIDENTIAL TOWER High quality tower with on-site amenities TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Location: Areas close to urban amenities & services Areas with view opportunities Areas with few or minor impacts to established residential and/or historic areas Target Demographic: Those seeking urban location & amenities and no yard responsibilities Professional singles/couples Seniors and empty nesters Construction Features: Concrete and/or steel frame Underground parking Site Area: 24,000 SF and up Density: du/acre Unit Size: 600-1,200 SF (studio to 2-bed) Example of 8-story tower Example of 14-story tower Benefits: Reduces pressure for sprawl by increasing density Increases pedestrian activity and vitality of immediate area Enables alternate forms of transportation Drawbacks/Challenges: Community/political will to accept higher building height and density Potential impact to community character & views Higher construction costs require high rents = high risk for developers Street Section Alley Tower Example (left and below): 24,000 SF lot size 13 floors 72 units 1 parking space/unit = 1 floor of parking 2 parking spaces/unit = 2 floors of parking 120 Parking 8 stalls Housing 1,100-1,200 SF/unit 72 units (12 stories) Parking 66 stalls Street 200 Common Area & Gym 15,000 SF Alley Open Space Basement Ground Floor Upper Floors BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-10

71 ILLUSTRATING INFILL HOUSING TYPES: TYPICAL BELLINGHAM BLOCK Duplex Townhouse development with common access and private rear yards Small Lot Single Family Detached Single Family Detached Detached Single Family with Single Family Courtyard Access Lot in the back Single Family Courtyard Access Lots Cottage Housing development configured around a central open space Single Family Detached BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Corner duplex with entrances on opposite streets Page B-11

72 ILLUSTRATING INFILL HOUSING TYPES: TYPICAL BELLINGHAM BLOCK WITH ALLEY Small Lot Detached Single Family - corner lot has a courtyard access from the alley Corner duplex with entrances on opposite streets Single Family house with an attached Accessory Dwelling Unit - entrance from the side yard and parking from the alley Townhouse development with a common open space and access off the alley Duplex with separate entries Alley Single family house with a Detached Accessory Dwelling Unit (DADU) over the garage off the alley All vehicular access off the alley Cottage Housing development configured around a central open space Zero lot line homes Single Family Detached BELLINGHAM RESIDENTIAL CODE - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED CHANGES 0416_Res_codes_doc_ Page B-12

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